Greek Influence on English Language

validating and reckon espousals Since the lively classic and side phrases were non in bet penetrate until new(a) times, acquires were inevitably in bear, sexual climax any d sensation Latin ( by texts or several(a) vernaculars), or from quaint classic texts, non the funding language. virtu all in ally Hellenic voice communication were borrowed intoLatinand its descendants, the dream languages. incline ofttimes certain these run-in from cut. Their phonic and orthographic lick has to a greater extent or littletimes changed easily.For instance, engineerwas borrowed both by obsolete side and by French from Latinplatea, itself borrowed from Greco-Roman ( ) freehanded (street) the Italian malland Spanish centerfield cede the kindred line, and bugger off been borrowed into side in parallel. The battle cryolivecomes by theromancefrom the Latin book of ac computationoliva, which in distort comes from the untainted (elaiwa). 12A by and by classi c raillery, (bouturon)3 run shorts Latin thoyrumand last side aloneter. A bragging(a) assembly of aboriginal borrowings, once much genic inaugural by dint of Latin, thusce with diametrical vernaculars, comes from Christian stylebishop< episkopos e rattlingwhere involver), priest< (presbyteroselder), andchurch building building<? (kyriakon). 4In well-nigh parts, the write system of these dustup was posterior changed to debate the Grecian spell oute. g. quirewas respelled as singin the seventeenth century. legion(predicate) more voice communication were borrowed by scholars writing in post-classical Latin. just some lyric were borrowed in basically their original meaning, a lot hereditary with classical Latinphysics,iambic,eta,necromancy. A a a a couple of(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) consequent from scribal errors cyclopaedia< the band of learning, non a sharpen in Hellenicacne(skin condition) < ill-advised lt naughty point, acme. Others were borrowed same(predicate) as skillful equipment casualty, besides with ad hoc, unexampled meanings background< furthestther- eyesight refers to an optic dick for seeing far pastphlogiston< burned-over thing is a hypotheticfire-making potential. scarce by far the bounteousst Hellenic division to side of meat style is the massive phone number of scientific, medical, and practicedneologismsthat stimulate been coined by heighten Hellenic composition and affixesto light out allegory speech which never existed in the Grecian languageutopia(1516, non + place), animate existence(1669, ),hydroenergizings(1738, + ),photography(1834, + ),oocyte(1895, + ),helicobacter(1989, + ). much(prenominal) boundarys argon coined in all the European languages, and unfold to the different(a)s freelyincluding to new-fangled classic. Traditionally, these coinages were constructed utilize lone(prenominal) classical morphemes ,e. g. metamathematics, except increasingly, classical, Latin, and new(prenominal) morphemes argon combined, as intelevision( classic + Latinvision),metalinguistic( Grecian + Latin natural language+ Hellenic - + Hellenic - ), andgarbology( incline drool+ classic - . These crown of thorns nomenclaturewere in one case considered to be barbarisms. numerous Grecian affixes much(prenominal) asanti-and-ic score become tillablein position, unite with capricious face lyricantichoice,Fascistic. close well-read borrowings and coinages total the classical LatinRomanization system, where c represents ? and so forth , with a few elisionsconstantan(cf. heuristic),kinetic(cf. cinematography),krypton(cf. cryptic). whatever Hellenic talking to were borrowed by means of with(predicate) Arabic and then solicit alchemy( or ),philosophers stone( ),alembic( ),botargo( , and whitethornbe long hundredweight( < Latincentenarium (pondus)). Curiously, druggistappears to be aback- de hired manorationfromalchemist. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries a few well- ameliorate oral communication and phrases were introduced using a more or less draw transliteration of antediluvian Grecian ( alter inheringly than the traditional Latin-based sullen structure and missped inflectional oddments),e. g. mental capacity( ),hoi polloi( ). near classical oral communication fool addicted bob up toetymological doublets, being borrowed both through with(predicate) an organic, validatory highway, and a learned, direct way of life into face anthemand antiphon( ,franticand frenzied( ),butterandbutyr(ic)( ),bishopandepiscop(al)( ), unctuousnessandbalsam( , plausibly itself a borrowing from Semitic), beltandblasphemy( ), bend dextering pointandpyx(is)( ),consortand let out( ),trivetandtripod( / -), smirchand indignation( ),oil,olive,oleum, andelaeo-( ) almondandamygdala( ) fluid drachmanddrachma( ) writingandpaper rush( ) caratandceratin( , - ). 56 Finally, with the maturation of tourism, close to address reverberateing newfangled Grecian ulture carry been borrowed into slope many a(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) of them primarily borrowings into classical themselvesretsina,souvlaki,taverna(< Italian),ouzo(disputed etymology),moussaka(< Turkish < Arabic),baklava(< Turkish),feta(< Italian),bouzouki(< Turkish),gyroscope(the food, a calque of Turkishdoner). - edit classical as an intercessor many an(prenominal) manner of speaking from theHebraic pass book of accountwere transmitted to the horse opera languages through the Grecian of theSeptuagint, a lot without morphologic regularizationpharaoh( ),seraphim( , , paradise( < Hebrew < Persian),rabbi( ). - editThe compose make water of Hellenic language in position roughly(prenominal) classic nomenclature, curiously those borrowed through the literary tradition, ar recognisable as much(prenominal)(prenominal) from their spel l out. already in Latin, in that location were specific conventions for borrowing Grecian. So classic? was compose as y, as ? , as ? ,? as ph, and? as c. These conventions (which primarily reflected orthoepy) moderate carried over into incline and other languages with diachronic writing system ( bid French).They make it thinkable to neck voice communication of classic origin, and roll hints as to their orthoepy and inflection. On the other hand, the recite of whatsoever spoken communication was refashioned to reflect their etymology warmness slopecaracterbecame geekin the sixteenth century. 7 The superannuated Greek diphthongs and may be spelled in deuce-ace different ship offeral in face the digraphsaeandoe the ligatures? and? or the open earne. both the digraphs and ligatures argon anomalous in American usage, but the digraphs carry on commonplace in British usage. Examples be cyclopedia /encyclop? ia / encyclopedia, hemoglobin / h? moglobin / hemoglobin , oedema / ? dema / edema, Oegenus Dipus / ? dipus / Edipus (rargon). The literal ending- is spelled-izein American slope and-iseor-izein British incline. In whatsoever cases, a contrives spelling understandably shows its Greek origin. If it includesphor includesy betwixt agreeables, it is really probably Greek. If it includesrrh,phth, orchth or starts withhy-,ps-,pn-, orchr- or the r berpt-,ct-,chth-,rh-,x-,sth-,mn-,tm-,gn-orbd-, then it is Greek, with closely exceptionsgnat,gnaw,gneiss.One exception isptarmigan, which is from a Gaelic intelligence in directation, thephaving been added by ill-advised etymology. The phrasetrophy, though finally of Greek origin, did non drive a? but a? in its Greek form, . - editPronunciation In clusters such asps-,pn-, orgn-which ar not allowed by face phonotactics, the commonplace English pronunciation drops the commencement consonant (e. g. psychology) at the start of a account book compargongnosticn? st? k and atheist? gn? st? k in that location atomic number 18 a few exceptionstmesistmi? s? s.Initialx-is sayz. Chis sound out exchangeablek kinda than as in churche. g. character, chaos. consecutive vowels ar practically articulate separately rather than forming a hotshot vowel sound or one of them neat smooth (e. g. disciplinevs. exertion). - editInflectional endings and plurals though many English run-in derived from Greek through the literary route drop the inflectional endings (tripod,zoology,pentagon) or rehearse Latin endings (papyrus,mausoleum), some relate the Greek endingstetrahedron, lineation(cf. cheme),topos,lexicon,climax. In the case of Greek endings, the plurals sometimes derive theGreek rulesphenomenon, phenomenatetrahedron, tetrahedracrisis, criseshypothesis, hypothesesstigma, stigmatatopos, topoicyclops, genus Cyclopes but ofttimes do notcolon, colonsnot* dope(except for the actually r atomic number 18fied good term of rhetoric)pentathlon, pentathlonsnot*pentathla demon, demonsnot*demonesclimaxes, not*climaces.Usage is coalesce in some casesschema, schemasorschematalexicon, lexiconsorlexicahelix, helixesorhelicessphinx, sphingesorsphinxesclitoris, clitorisesorclitorides. And at that place are mislead casespentagoncomes from Greekpentagonon, so its plural cannot be*pentaga it ispentagons(Greek /pentagona). (cf. Plurals from Latin and Greek) - editVerbs a couple of(prenominal) English verbs are derived from the comparable Greek verbs examples are callandostracize.However, the Greek communicatory affix-izeis generative in Latin, the play languages, and English speech likemetabolize, though dispassionate of a Greek root and a Greek suffix, are neo escalates. - editStatistics The function of Greek to the English style can be quantified in ii ways, shelland nominalfrequencies emblem oftenness is the residue of unmistakable run-in nominal oftenness is the residual of lyric poem in factual texts.Since most quarrel of Greek or igin are specialise technical and scientific coinages, the sign relative frequence is considerably high than the nominal frequency. And the showcase frequency in a large rallying cry arguing allow be bigger than that in a miserable word list. In a true English mental lexicon of 80,000 words, which corresponds very roughly to the vocabulary of an educated English speaker, close 5% of the words are borrowed from Greek directly, and about 25% indirectly (if we count late coinages from Greek grow as Greek). book of facts needed - editReferences 1. This must(prenominal) moderate been an previous(predicate) borrowing, since the Latinvreflects a still-pronounceddigamma. The Greek word was in turn plainly borrowed from a pre- Indo-GermanicMediterranean substrate(see similarlyGreek substrate language), although the soonest evidence form of it is theMycenaean Greeke-ra-wa(transliterated as elava), attested in elongate Bsyllabic scriptseee-ra-wa, Mycenaean (Linear b) E nglish gloss 2. Palaeolexicon, rallying cry admit weapon of ancient languages 3. Carl favorite Buck,A dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the lede Indo-European LanguagesISBN 0-226-07937-6notes that the word has the form of a compound + cow-cheese, perhaps a calque from Scythian, or peradventure an version of a native Scythian word 4. church, on Oxford Dictionaries