Becker: “Outside” Essay

​a) According to Howard Becker, central fact about deviance is that â€Å"it is created by society. Becker does not mean that the causes of deviance can be derived from the social environment of the deviant or the â€Å"social factors† that causes an individual to engage in deviant behavior. Rather, Becker means that social groups create deviance by creating the rules or norms that must be adhered to and if they are violated—the violation will result in what the group deems as being deviance. Thus, the individuals who go against the norms or rules of a social group will be labeled as being an â€Å"outsider†. ​b) According to Becker, a deviant is an individual â€Å"to whom that label has successfully been applied†. He asserts that deviance is not a characteristic of the action a person commits; rather it is an outcome of the rules and sanctions used by others to an â€Å"outsider† or the reaction of others to an individual’s a ction. Deviant behavior is deviant when there is an audience that judges it as such. ​c) Becker states that â€Å"deviant† is not a homogenous category, because deviance in and of itself is a result of the reactions of others to an individual’s action. Therefore, while one social group may view a particular individual’s action as being deviant, another may not. Deviance is contextual; it depends on the audience that is judging the individual’s action. One cannot assume that every individual who has been deemed as being a â€Å"deviant† are the same, because the processing of labeling individuals is not reliable. There are individuals who have been labeled deviant who have not broken a rule, such as individuals who are considered deviant because of their race or religion. Also, one cannot assume that the group of deviants contains individuals who have actually broken a rule, since there are individuals who may have escaped scrutiny and therefore are not included in the category of deviants. ​d) Whether people respond to an act as being deviant depends on several factors, such as the type of act that is committed, the setting in which the action is taking place, and the person committing the act. Deviant acts that are considered not to be illegal or that does not harming other individuals, such as having tattoos, dressing eccentrically, are sometimes overlooked or deemed as being not so bad. Whereas, deviant acts that tend to feature criminal behavior is usually judged seriously by individuals who do not partake in such behavior, such as child abuse, domestic violence, murder, or rape. The setting in which the action is taking place plays a role in whether or not people will judge the  act as being deviant. For example, if a woman decides to go to attend a church service in a provocative style of clothing, then she will be judged by the other parishioners as being deviant, because that particular social group has guidelines as to how individuals must look and conduct themselves while being in that particular setting. However, if that same woman were to go to a risquà © club dressed in the same manner, she would not be seen as being a deviant, because that particular social group has its own guidelines as to how people look and conduct themselves. Lastly, the type of person committing the act plays a role in whether or not individuals will respond to that act as being deviant. For example, there can be two teenagers who decide to shoplift from a store. One of the teenagers comes from a middle-class family who lives in the suburbs, while the other teenager comes f rom a working-class family that does not live in such a nice neighborhood. Since there are some individuals who automatically associate the poor to working class with very negative stereotypes, it would not be unlikely that the teenager from the working class family would be judged more severely than the teenager who comes from a middle-class family. ​e) Hughes’ concept of the â€Å"master status† applies to deviance in the sense that, if an individual possesses a deviant trait, other individuals may assume that he/she possesses all of the negative traits that goes along with that one particular trait. Also, an individual having the status of being a deviant has the ability to override all of the other statuses that individual possesses. For example, a man may have the status of being a father, husband, and a social worker. However, if he becomes incarcerated due to a drug charge, his status as a convict will override all of his other statuses in the eyes of many people. Even after he is released from prison, he will be seen as an ex-co nvict first and foremost, and then as the other statuses that he possesses.

Argumentative Essay On Social Media

Nowadays, a lot of people are using social media such as Facebook, Twitter, Tumbler and so on. Since the Internet has propagated rapidly, social media have progressed a lot. The generalization of the internet makes us to live conveniently and fast. People are almost using smart phones, i-phones or comfortable devices which can access to internet. These equipments make us to do social network easily. It helps contact friends, family, and other people even though they live far away. It could be, however, abused, if you don’t use properly.Especially, it is important that we understand and regulate the use of social media by young children. First of all, social media, especially facebook, are very addicted. People would say drug or alcohol is more addicted than social media or social media addiction is not big problems, but it is not true. There is a report of the social media addiction by University of Chicago’s Booth School of Business. A team from the University of Chica go’s Booth School of Business recently conducted an experiment involving 205 people in Wurtzburg, Germany to analyze the addictive properties of social media and other vices.Participants in the week-long study were polled via BlackBerry smart phones seven times per day and asked to report when they experienced a desire within the past 30 minutes, and whether or not the succumbed to that desire. They were also asked to gauge each desire on a scale from mild to â€Å"irresistible. † In the light of these facts, surely social media make addicts, and it is hard to escape. The problem is most people who have an addiction to social media and don’t even realize it. Second, people can get mental and physical disorders easily through using social media.People might bet think social media is not matter with the disorders. They argued the social media is good for mental diseases because social media help express their feelings or thought easily. Also, through social media, they can be connected each other more. However, social media just offer limited meeting. They just meet on websites, not physical meeting. Psychologist, Aric Sigman suggests â€Å"The use of social networking sites as opposed to face-to-face interaction could lead to major health problems. † Also he claimed in the British Journal The Biologistâ€Å"Spending too much time online could lead to social isolation, loneliness and a negative outlook. These types of psychological symptoms could eventually lead to more serious health concerns, such as heart disease, cancer and dementia. † Using social media disturbs make deep relationship with others. When they are using social media we do not need to move a lot. It is okay just to stay. We do not need to active a lot. As a result, it leads naturally mental and physical disorders. Third, social media doesn’t help for their studies or talents.People think social media is good places to show their talents or works what th ey did. For example, they argue people can share video clip what they playing the instruments or dancing or singing. It is, however, for people who already good to do those. If you are not good at those things and if you spend time to do social media, it would be hard to progress your talents. I did surveys about relationships between using social media and studying last semester. Most students answered using social media is not helpful to study.Also, students who got good grades spend just a little time to use social media. Using social media steals your time to what really want to do easily. If you do not pay attention, your time is gone very fast, and it cannot be returned. If you read books, study, exercising, practice singing, dancing or playing the instruments instead of using social media, it would be much better for you and your future life. Especially, the young generation and children are easy to be exposed to environments which using social media.Social media are favorite not only along with teens or youngsters; it’s growing among working people and also old people. Social media addiction drug exactly where everyone is continuously logged on it irrespective that they have worked or they don’t have anything to complete. It’s regarded Social media an addiction exactly where many people have become addicts every day. It could be occurred mental and physical disease and make you waste time. Those are why we need to understand and regulate the use of social media by young children.

College Admission Essay

IntroductionI am writing this admission essay with the hope that I can a secure a place as a student in Bates College. Knowing that Bates College has been ranked as one of the best liberal art colleges nationally prompts me to send my admission letter to your institution. Besides its national accolade, learning of Bates' unique timetable that allows students to take advantage of abroad programs and its expansive offering of courses, equipped with the latest facilities and resources drew me to enroll to this college to help me accomplish my academic goals.Life ExperienceGrowing up in a small community, I had an inherent sense of unity in connection with my neighborhood collective. I lived in a society where neither skin color nor religious choice mattered. This sentiment among the community members did not last forever, though. Some residents formed a small religious group which incited other members of the society against a certain religion. They claimed that a particular religion wa s more superior to the other and urged everyone in the town to convert to that religion – a failure to covert would result in being chased away and even killed. This installed fear in our small society but neither religion was willing to negotiate, for each believed theirs was the correct spiritual path. What seemed to be a mere conflict transformed into a outright war. My community members began killing each other, women were raped, and others   were forced to flee to other towns for protection. These incidents lead to trauma: the people in our community that fled have been living in the fear of another attack and the terrible memories are still fresh in their minds. This experience inspired me to major in psychology to help erase these painful memories from  their minds and also bring a way forward for my community. I feel that attending Bates College would help me accomplish my goals.What I Look Forward To If AcceptedBates College is known for excellence in teaching as well as in learning. It offers state-of-the-art facilities, resources and programs which will be of great assistance to my psychology program – and in turn, my community. Resources such the library, imaging and computing center, as well as archives and special collection will make my learning easier. I al so read that the college offers funding for research, which will be of aid to my endeavors in finding a solution my communities' dilemma, if I can receive such assistance. If I am given a chance to join the ranks of Bates College, I will make the best out of the opportunity. My research assures me that the college has a Diversity and Inclusion Office of Intercultural Education. I would engage myself with learning how this office operates so as to intermingle with people from different cultures, religions and places, enabling me to learn how to connect with people from various life-circumstances. This educational experience will directly reflect on my career aspirations involving my communities' maladies. Bates College also allows students to take advantage of abroad programs. This program would especially be of great help to me, as I believe traveling to different places will supply me with a more comprehensive understanding of my studies.ConclusionI see this opportunity to join a prestigious college like Bates not only as a pathway to personal success, but as an educational endeavor that will provide me with a tool-set that will be able to handle the trauma of reality: the catastrophes that have occurred in my community. I am sincerely dedicated to the cause of my  fellow townsmen, and believe their recovery is assured if given the chance. Though you may consider my case special in terms of personal history, I would argue that every student's education is not solely for themselves, but rather for the greater good.

Catcher In The Rye Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Catcher In The Rye - Essay Example It is my opinion that Holden Caulfield became such a universally loved fictional character simply because of his humanity - equally because of his faults and his sensitivity. Sensitivity, yes, as strange as it might sound, but Holden did possess an astute mind, a keen eye, an unadulterated understanding of human nature and at times betrayed a sensitivity towards others that he usually hid under layers of abrasiveness and insolence. This rudeness was a defense mechanism employed by Holden to intentionally protect himself from his fellow men. In order to reach a deeper understanding of Holden, it is imperative to analyze the reason behind his rudeness. It is my opinion that Holden usually brushed people off and never showed them his true inner feelings because he was afraid of opening up and making himself vulnerable to others. He understood that human beings were just as capable of hurting as they were of loving and he did not take a chance with any of his relationships simply because he dreaded being hurt by the ones he chose to love. After Holden's passage from childhood to maturity he became increasingly aware of the "phoniness" of the world around him and craved the innocence and purity of his childhood days.

Blue jet Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Blue jet - Case Study Example ent compartments such as first class and economy may seem like a good idea in saving costs but majority of the people do not appreciate the standard treatment hence preferring other airlines for that matter. Fatigue and burnout for the few employees is likely to occur what with the employees working being few and the turnaround time being shorter and having increased flight slots hence reducing resting time for the flight crew. JetBlue in a bid to cut costs has made their planes be less comfortable. This is because of more seats than gallery space hence leaving less room for stretching and movement. This may discourage long distance passengers despite the reduced airline costs. The harnessed of technology approach taken by the airline is the greatest of its opportunities as it has not only ensured reduced costs through developments such as electronic ticketing, VoIP, paperless cockpits among others but has continued to reduce time and save on other unnecessary costs hence ensuring more profits. The airline has started using secondary airports. While this may not be the same as using the other airports, it ensures that it has more flight slots as the traffic in these secondary airports is kept to minimal hence no congestion or competition. The decision to use of single fleet operation may seem as a weakness but the culminate advantages it has outdo the weakness aspect. The purchasing costs of the airplanes is lower, they require less maintenance and have a warranty of five years which is fairly good. This has ensured saving on other costs and the excess used to purchase more airplanes. Customer focus is another of the great opportunities JetBlue has. It has created a niche in customer focus with its services and low fare costs as well as reducing delay and baggage complains which has not only served to maintain its customers but increase new customers as well. Point to point flights has acted to increase the reviews and ultimately the number of customers

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Marketing - Essay Example However doing so does mean putting the business’s long term strategy at risk as the customers and the remaining stakeholders would not appreciate the fact that the enterprise does not value their concerns rather goes after the financial side. The need and thus the opportunity in the business world of present times is to get ourselves noticed and make the companies realize of their responsibilities that they owe to the customers. The companies that have been marred by the high-spate abuses in the business scene of present times have included the Ford-Firestone debacle, the California energy crisis where it did its worst possible bit ant changing and altering the flow of power supply and in the end, the same resulted in huge power bills as well as blackouts. Also, the example is of the telecommunications’ failures that have hit the American business panorama like anything. The slips in the airline industry owing to the 9/11 episode and the aftermath is also one such example that comes to mind and last but not the least, the ever famous whistle blowing story related with Enron and the Arthur Andersen accounting firm. These companies and enterprises suggest just a fraction of the amount of malpractices that are rampant in the American business scenario. All these have more or less focused more on attaining the financial needs and meeting economic goals rather than doing one thing or the other (positively) towards the end consumers, which at the end of the day bring in all the sales, revenues and long term stability of the companies as well. Consumer movements could be first step in educating the companies towards their regression of consumer values. [Guest, 2002] This requires a clear fore vision and one that looks at restoring the positive link and relationship between all the parties, players and individual partners, to state as a matter of fact. Another option could be to go for effective

Jacobs and Douglass' Narratives Regarding the True Escape from Slavery Research Paper

Jacobs and Douglass' Narratives Regarding the True Escape from Slavery - Research Paper Example \Writers such as Harriet Jacobs and Frederick Douglass provide examples of the dehumanizing elements of slavery, hinted when Jacobs comments â€Å"Slavery is terrible for men, but is more terrible for women†, while also providing clues as to how slavery might be escaped through education as in Douglass’ statement, â€Å"You have seen how a man was made a slave; you shall now see how a slave was made a man.† These examples and clues can be found in Douglass’ Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass and Jacobs’ Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. Both books bring into sharp relief the miserable conditions of a slave’s life and the ways in which it dehumanized the black people. Douglass sadly informs the reader that he is uncertain of his age or the day he was born and, although his mother died when he was seven years old, he was relatively unaffected by the news as he had been separated from her since infancy. â€Å"Never having enjoyed, to any considerable extent, her soothing presence, her tender and watchful care, I received the tidings of [my mother’s] death with much the same emotions I should have probably felt at the death of a stranger† (Douglass Ch. 1). By the time Douglass was seven, he had learned of the death of his mother, watched his aunt brutally whipped and had taken his own place at work in the fields. He describes the life of the slave, illustrating its bestial level of survival existence and the types of behaviors they were expected to exhibit when they were in the presence of their mas ters. Jacobs also focuses on the brutality of slavery in her description of early life as a slave girl actively pursued by a lascivious slave owner. The only way she can avoid becoming her master’s black mistress at the age of 15 is to give herself up to another white man of her own choosing. â€Å"I shed bitter tears that I was no longer worthy of being respected by the good and pure

Marketing & Entrepreneurship Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Marketing & Entrepreneurship - Coursework Example After the contract, his share stock rose from 16 dollars to 160 dollars in just few days. In 1974, Perot came to the attention of the press when he was said to have been the biggest loser in New York stock exchange when his shares drastically dropped. He however did not lose hope in his activities. He organized and sponsored the rescue of those that were involved in the revolution in Iran. The loss of power by Steve Jobs in Apple market affected Perot much as he was a main investor in the Apple Company. He continued with inspiration of achieving his goals with consideration of the financial status in which his family was. In the life of Ross Perot, he attained many honors due to his hard work and determination. He had the belief in integrity and honesty as being important in success. These are the cores that drove his business in achieving the set objectives. Additionally, he considered history when formulating the strategies; this made his business lead to success. According to the study on the life of Ross Perot, startup influences entrepreneur are born and others are made. With influences that occur in the childhood times, people develop traits which encourage them to be entrepreneurs later in their lives. The traits are shaped up through the experiences that they have history and the environment that one lives. In Ross Perot situation, he was influenced to develop an entrepreneurship due to the fact that his parents were just involved as brokers in Cotton contracts and the recession situation the country was during revolution. Perot involvement in entrepreneurship was due to personal character tr aits. He was also influenced to entrepreneurship due to need for independence, situational factors brought about by sudden unemployment and economic downturn that occurred in Iran. He was also influenced by antecedent influences with teachers in his family liniage and previous employment managerial experiences. There is a link that

CRJS478DB3 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CRJS478DB3 - Research Paper Example DNA appears in two stands of polymers, made of simple units known as nucleotides, with X and Y genes (Lazer, 2004). The replication of DNA leads to production of a pair of identical replicas from the mother molecule. This continuous process takes place in all living organisms, and as such, ensures biological inheritance. DNA relates to the genes and chromosomes in such as way that it holds all the information in chromosomes necessary in encoding genes. Chromosomes appear in cells and contain genetic information usually passed down through a given lineage. A gene is a DNA sequence that determines particular traits in these living organisms. The most important usage of DNA tests and analysis is DNA profiling, which entails identification of individuals using the profile of their respective DNAs. Forensic scientists can make use of these profiles in identifying victims of a fire or blast burnt beyond physical recognition, or identifying criminals at a crime scene (Vaughan,

Personal statement for transferring to UW Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

For transferring to UW - Personal Statement Example I have always been fascinated by trends in the building industry, from the ancient designs to the contemporary urban architecture; modern cities are undeniably beautiful, particularly in the glare of city lights and stars at night, due to the magnificent visual impression of landmark skyscrapers. Ever since I was a boy, watching my dad work in a local construction firm as an architect made me establish a particular interest in the profession; furthermore, growing up and experiencing the beauty of architectural designs, I knew I had to be an architect just like my father. My family relocated to the US from South Korea in late 2012, which implied that I could no longer continue studying in my previous college in my country; following this development, I discontinued my studies to accompany my family in the US. I decided to take an educational break to refocus on my career goals while allowing my family to settle and readjust to the US society, I have been out of school for a year and a half now, and I am ready to resume my studies. I intend to study Geography as my major because I believe it will lay a strong foundation for my later career ambition as an architect. I chose Geography as my major because it will expose me to a vast body of knowledge in the fields of the physical, built and human environments; this knowledge will provide a strong foundation upon which my later career as an architect will be built eventually. The UW will be strategically important in achieving both my career and personal goals in many ways; the UW will cater for my career goals through its serene environment, resources and a dedicated faculty that will equip me with the relevant knowledge and skills that will suit my future career ambition. Besides that, the UW will also cater for my personal growth and social needs since it will offer me adequate opportunities to

History AND IMPACT OF COMPUTING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History AND IMPACT OF COMPUTING - Essay Example 546). First Generation (1940-1955) Vacuum Tubes These first computers utilized vacuum tubes in their circuitry and their memories comprised of magnetic drums. These first computers were often massive, taking a lot of space. They were expensive to run and, in addition to consuming enormous amounts of electricity these computers generated immense heat, which often led to their malfunctions. The first generation computers depended on machine code language; a low-level programming language only understood by computers, to execute their operations, and hence they were able to solve a single problem at a time. The computers input used paper tapes and punched cards while their output was presented on printouts. ENIAC and UNIVAC computers are some of the first generation computing gadgets. The UNIVAC was the earliest commercial computer distributed to a business client, the United States Bureau of Census in 1951. Second Generation (1955-1963) Transistor Computers In the succeeding generation of computers, transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the computers circuitry. Transistors were initially invented in 1947 but received minimal use in computers until late 1950s. Transistors were far more superior compared to vacuum tubes, allowing the computers to be smaller, cheaper, faster, reliable, and with increased energy efficiency as compared their former generation predecessors. Although the transistors also generated plenty of heat which exposes the computers to the damage, they were a significant improvement in comparison to the vacuum tubes. The second generation computers also used the punched cards for their input and printouts as their outputs. The second generation computers shifted from obscure binary machine code language to symbolic, an assembly language that allows programmers to stipulate instructions in the form of words. FORTRAN, COBOL, and other High-level Programming language were also under developed during this period. These were the first computers which s tored instructions in their memories, which had also moved from magnetic drums to magnetic core technology. The initial computers in this generation were meant for the atomic energy industries. Third Generation (1964-1970) Integrated Circuits Computers Integrated Circuits (ICs) development was the essential characteristic of the third generation computers. Miniaturized transistors were installed on silicon semiconductor chips, which increased efficiency and speed of computers. The third generation computers interacted with their users through monitors and keyboards interfaced through an operating system instead of the printouts and punch cards. These new features allowed the computers to run different applications at the same time with an inner program which monitored the memory. The third generation computers became handy to a mass of the audience since they were cheaper and smaller than their predecessors. Fourth Generation (1970- Present) The fourth generation computers were brou ght by the development of microprocessors. Microprocessors allowed thousands of integrated circuits to be built on a single silicon chip. A device that consumed the whole room in the first generation computers could be now developed on the palm of a hand. Intel 4004 chip, created in 1971, allowed all the components in a

Conventional cryptography Essay Example for Free

Conventional cryptography Essay Conventional cryptography uses identical secret â€Å"key† in both message encrypting and decrypting. Secret key cryptography often times having difficulty securing key management usually in opens systems with large numbers of users (RSA Lab, n. d. ). Diffie and Hellman initiated the concept of public-key cryptosystems in 1976, to work out the problems with key management. (RSA Lab, n. d. ) The newly created concept of public-key cryptosystems employs encryption and digital signatures. The public-key cryptosystem works by providing each person a pair of keys, a public-key, and a private-key. The advantage of using public-key is you can send out classified information publicly but it cannot be decrypted. Safely, the recipient that holds the private key is doing the decryption. The form the holds the security information for both sender and receiver is called a certificate. Public-key certificate The Public-key cryptosystems principal ingredients in realizing its security tasks are: 1) Issuer – holds the public-key and the compulsory signed private key. It is the basis of the certificate. Issuer can be anyone with a public key and a private key. 2) Subject- contains public key, value, or name. The subject is receiver of the certificate. The particular recipient in this field has exclusive rights to view the certificate. 3) Delegation- this field contains a Boolean value providing the subject with rights to re-delegate the certificate. If the field is false, the subject may not pass or delegate the certificate to other subject. 4) Authorization- it restricts the subject access rights to a specific information, data, and locations. These rights may be given depending on applications and the level of security required. 5) Validity dates specify the validity period of a certificate by an issuer. It limits the duration of access of the subject. Sample transaction process of public-key cryptosystem. The sample above shows Ka as the issuer, Kb as the subject, True as Boolean value to allow the subject to re-delegate the certificate, Authorization to read file in â€Å". \john\documents,† and certificate validity dates from 02/10/2006 to 02/12/2006. John with a Public-key (Ka) issued a certificate to subject Dianne (Kb). The certificate is sign by Johns private key, when Dianne wants to read and write files in John’s document directory, request will be written, signs it with his own private key, and send it. When the file server gets the request and found Johns (Ka) signed private key, then the request is granted. The server will now allow Dianne to read and write files in John’s documents directory until the validity date specified in the certificates validity field expires. The delegation occur when the Boolean field is mark True, Kb can now impart its right to other subject. Let us call the new public-key as Kc. Kb re-delegate its certificate to Kc and signs a new certificate for Kc at the same time. Kc now has two certificates, which form a chain. References: RSA Laboratories, (n. d. ), â€Å"What is public-key cryptography? † [online], http://www. rsasecurity. com/rsalabs/node. asp? id=2165 Wang Yulian, 1998, â€Å"SPKI,† Computer Science, Helsinki University, [online], http://www. niksula. cs. hut. fi/~yuwang/publications/SPKI/SPKI. html

Communication Within Unilever Plc

Communication Within Unilever Plc 1.1 Introduction and background of research This research is based on the topic How the channels of communication with employees might be improved in a multinational organization. Unilever PLC is a leading multinational in Fast Moving Consumer Goods sector and it operates over hundred of countries worldwide. Unilever maintains its leading edge by establishing superior standards, latest managerial systems and state of art technology. Most importantly the main focus of Unilever business is to run in profitable manner while complying with statutory and legal requirements in to the maximum extent, in each and every place it operates. Unilever is therefore highly concerns about implementation of latest and successful managerial systems in its production plants in very first time it is possible. Moreover Unilever contributes for developing these systems to match with company requirements and hence most of managerial systems that Unilever implemented are quite superior to others and can easily be differentiated from managerial systems of its competitors. Product Range of Unilever PLC is Home and personnel care, Margarines, fat spreads, Tea and supplementary food products. There are 400 brands and 14 categories of home, personal care and foods products, no other company touches so many peoples lives in so many different ways. Unilevers brand portfolio has made them leaders in every field in which they work. Knorr, Lipton, Dove Omo are some examples for trusted brands. In the Sri Lankan context Unilever could pass by all its competitors and to make its all brands to be the flag ships. At the moment Unilever Sri Lanka Limited owns twenty two global brands which are very much familiar to Sri Lankans as things touching their hearts. Lux, Sunsilk, Signal, Astra and Lifebuoy are some of those popular brands. Brand communication can be a powerful force for behavior change. They have the opportunity to promote healthy lifestyles among our millions of consumers. At the same time they have a duty to market their products responsibly and provide their consumers with clear and simple information about the products they make and how they can fit into a healthy and balanced diet. This depends on effective communication. As a multinational company that has been created a very good brand loyalty in consumers mind they will have to satisfy their customer requirements to the maximum level. In order to do this Unilever will have to adopt according to the changes in customer requirements. As the market grows rapidly new products from competitors are coming to the market frequently. For their survival they will have to produce new ranges of products and to do modifications for their existing products as customer requirements are changing rapidly. To do these kinds of Modifications Companys communication process and communication channels should be of high quality. Quick decisions will have to be made; for that employees will have to send their messages and information faster and get feedback very quickly. For this purpose the company uses many methods (channels). Since this is a global company their companies are scattered all over the world. Therefore there should be a strong communication network within each and every company. Unilever PLC uses strategies and guidelines to give directions for employees. As a result the employees would have a clear idea of what the company is expected from them; they would know what their duties and responsibilities are. Then they will be motivated as their duties are being simplified and specified. This will create efficient employees and would be resulted in productivity increase. Through strategies and guidelines more detailed information can be provided to employees. More and specific information gives subordinates a feeling of confidence and security; lack of information promotes insecurity and a feeling of not being trusted. By doing this they are able to get maximum out of employees. This organization gets ideas and views of employees about the policies and procedures being applied by the company. It would help the top management to identify their weaknesses and take necessary actions to revise their policies and procedures. Unilever has put a great effort to engage wit employees to find out whether they understand the companys vision and role that is being expected from them. The company gets ideas from employees to know what their perception on the changes the company has to do to achieve their ambitions. In 2009 Unilever began an employee engagement programme that will ensure employees are involved in Unilevers vision and plans for the future. Uniliver gather feedback from employees through regular employee engagement surveys. A Global People Survey (GPS) of all Unilever employees is conducted every two to three years. Unilevers management population is also invited to participate in a refined version of the survey GPS-Pulse, which is conducted at six-monthly intervals in the years when GPS is not taking place. The GPS-Pulse conducted in September 200 highlighted that people are proud to work for Unilever and feel good about the culture and business. Results also showed increased confidence in leader ship and the direction that the company is taking. Feedback also has pointed to areas where the company needed to do better and these were actioned by the Unilever Executive and their senior leaders. Through these kinds of strategies employees will feel that theyre being valued and recognized by the company and they will be motivated to work hard to achieve objectives of the company. Being a multinational organization Unilever PLC uses telephones to communicate with their peers. They have the ability to exchange their ideas over the phone and to get the feedback of the other party. Exchanging messages over the phone would fasten the decision making process and it will affect their smooth operation positively. Letters, memos and e-mails are anther methods of communication used by Unilever PLC. Since these are written communication channels they will help employees to get clear idea by reading them. If there is a long list of directions to be given to employees these channels would be more effective as they are in writing. Since everything is in writing it will be easy for them to comply with these requirements. Research Objectives and Hypothesis The completion of this research intends to achieve the following objectives in relation to Unilever PLC. To identify the channels of communication used by the Organization To study how to improve the channels of communication with employees of the organization. To find possible strengths and weaknesses in communication channels currently being used by the company. To suggest methods to avoid current weaknesses in communication channels. Hypothesis Finding how the channels of communication with employees might be improved in a multinational organization is the objective of this research. Accordingly, hypothesis of the research is defined as below, H0: The channels of communication with employees in existence within the organization are adequate. H1: The channels of communication with employees in existence within the organization are not adequate. Research Scope For this research qualitative research techniques have to be used. Since this is a qualitative one it is difficult to set standard guidelines to identify whether the organizations current communication channels are suitable or not. This should be done compared to another organization. It would be difficult to select a suitable benchmark. When carrying out a research feedback should be taken from employees at different levels such as managers and lower level employees in a way that covers the entire organization. Since their ideas are different the results cannot be generalized. LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction to Literature Review The research literature review is based the theories and researches previously done by scholars. These should be applied in the research. Clearly defined research problem and research methods have to be included. Review of Relevant Theories and Literature A typical day for a manager includes doing desk work attending scheduled meetings , placing and receiving telephone calls, reading and answering correspondence , attending unscheduled meetings and tours. Most of these activities involves communication. In fact, managers usually spend more than half of their time communicating in some way. Communication always involves two or more persons , so other behavioral process such as motivation, leadership and group and team processes all come into play. Top executives must handle communication effectively if they are to be true leader. Communication is concerned with the making of meaning and the exchange of understanding. One model of communication considers it from the perspective of transmitting information from one person to another. Communication is very important for all kinds of business organization. According to researches carried out by many authors, communication and communication channels play a very important role in any business organization. Different people have carried out researches relating to communication and efficiency of communication channels. Few examples are as follows; A web article defines a communication channel as, Medium through which a message is transmitted to its intended audience, such as print media or broadcast (electronic) media. As per Quincy Wright, Communication channels can be understood simply as the modes or pathways through which two parties might communicate. As population grows and technology evolves accordingly, these channels of communication change as well. (A Study of War, 1967) According to a web article, In the basic communication process, a sender puts a message in words and transmits it to a receiver who interprets the message. The medium the sender chooses to transmit the message is called the communication channel. There are many communication channels being used by different organizations. Some of these are universally familiar methods where as some of them are specific to certain organizations. Listed below are few methods among them. Letters/ memos/ reports Although there is an increase in the usage of electronic communication, most people seem to receive their messages on paper. This may be because there is no e-mail link between the parties, because a hard copy is required to meet audit or legal requirements or because the recipient feels more comfortable to read from paper than from a screen. Manuals This is also a paper document and the main purpose of this is reference. Fax This method uses public telephones to deliver documents from one place to another. In this method original hard copy is not sent to the receiver. E-mail This is a very efficient method of communicating where whole documents can be sent through internet. This provides many cost advantages when compared to telephones and other paper based communication methods. Intranet This method is also same as the internet method, but this used to deliver documents, images and so on within an organization. In this method also information is much less expensive to distribute and maintain when compared to paper based communication methods. Meetings Two or more people get together and carryout discussions related to different areas to take decisions or to solve problems. This is a verbal communication method where the feedback will be received at the same time. Telephone This is a two way communication method. It is now possible to reach people practically anytime, anywhere over the phone. Video conferencing Under video conferencing system phone lines are used to transmit video and sound between two or more parties. Real time video conferences can be conducted when parties participated to the meeting are in remote locations. Communication is the process of transmitting information from one person to another. Effective communication is the process of sending a message in such a way that the message received is as close in meaning as possible to the message intended. Effective communication is based on the ideas of meaning and consistency of meaning. Meaning is the idea that the individual who initiates the communication exchange wishes to convey. Communication also relates directly to the basic management functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Environmental scanning, integrating planning-time horizons, and decision making for example, all necessitate communication. Delegation, coordination, and organization change and development also entail communication. Communication is essential to establishing standards, monitoring performance and taking corrective actions as a part of control. Clearly, then, communication is a pervasive part of virtually all managerial activities. The Communication Process As figure shows, noise can disrupt the communication process at any step. Managers must therefore understand that a conversation in the next office, a fax machine out of paper and the receivers worries may all thwart the managers best attempts to communicate. Sender Firm that sends the message. Message What is being transmitted from sender to receiver. Encoding Message translated into appropriate meaning. This is the process through which the message is symbolized. Channel The medium through which the message is being sent. Decoding Process that translate the message and generating the meaning out of it. Receiver Firm that receives the message. Feedback Process by which the receiver sends his responds to the sender. Interpersonal communication focuses on communication among people at work. Two important forms of interpersonal communication, oral and written, both offer unique advantages and disadvantages. Thus the manager should weigh the pros and cons of each when choosing a medium for communication. Communication channels play a vital role in communication. Messages are conveyed through channels. Telephone, videoconferencing, face-to-face meetings are some examples for verbal communication, where as letters, memos, e-mails, reports are some examples for written communication. Channel should be selected based on the nature of the message or the information that is being transmitted or exchanged. Different channels have their respective strengths and weaknesses. For example, it would be ineffective to give a long list of directions verbally. There are a variety of forms of organizational communication. Vertical communication between superiors and subordinates may flow upwards or downwards. Horizontal communication involves peers and colleagues at the same level in the organization. Organizations also use information systems to manage communication. Electronic communication is likely to have a profound effect on managerial and organizational communicational in the years to come. A great deal of informal communication also occurs in organizations. Communication networks are recurring patterns of communication among members of a group. The grapevine is the informal communication network among people in an organization. Management by wandering around is also a popular informal method of communication. Nonverbal communication includes facial expressions, body movements, physical contact, gestures and inflection and tone. Managing the communication process necessitates recognizing the barriers to effective communication and understanding how to overcome them. Barriers can be identified at both the individual and organizational levels. Likewise, both individual and organizational skills can be developed to overcome these barriers. Barriers to effective Communication, Individual barriers Conflicting or inconsistent cues Credibility about the subject Reluctance to communicate Poor listening skills Predispositions about the subject Organizational Barriers Semantics Status or power differences Different perceptions Noise Overload Overcoming barriers to communication Individual skills Develop good listening skill Encourage two way communication Be aware of language and meaning Maintain creditability Be sensitive to receivers perspective Be sensitive to senders perspective Organizational skills Follow up Regulate information flows Understand the richness of media (R.W.Griffin, 1997) CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY Research Methods Servey reserch methods to collectting data as investigate the employees and organization need. Research Approach There are few steps to be followed. They are as follows; Problem Identification /Hypothesis Identify the existing channels and channels to be introduced. Research Design and planning This is a Prepare Queries, Prepare the project plan, Prepare the research team work plan, Prepare the Physical resource and conduct with the service providers in communication channel providers wise. Data collection and Data Review and analysis theory After having identified the variables to be studied and operationally defined them a researcher is expected to adopt a suitable method of data collection to measure the variables and their relationships. Following are the methodologies that are used to this research, Questionnaire survey Interviews Observation Case study In the case of a questionnaire based survey or interviews, the unit of analysis is the individual as the individuals included in a sample are expected to provide information by responding to the survey questionnaire or the questions posed to them at the interview. In the observation method there is no single unit of analysis as the researcher is expected to observe real life situations , a process , an event or a series of event over a period of time. The unit of analysis in the case study method could cover a community, an organization, a group or a selected individuals . For instance, one can study the performance of one or more organizations and arrive at meaningful conclusions about the practice of the management. Similarly can study in depth the leadership style of several CEOs and arrive at meaningful conclusions about organizational leaderships. The Questionnaire Survey In this research questionnaire based survey ahs become one of the most widely used techniques of data collection for reasons such as economy , ability to reach a larger sample of the population, saving of time , feasibility to collect data within a predetermined framework and feasibility to process the data using a coding system that could be easily used on computers. Although the questionnaire method has its inherent limitations this method has been adopted to study qualitative aspects such as attitudes and values as well as quantitative aspects of behaviour. The forms of questions included in a questionnaire depends on the kind of information required . Although the forms of the questions may differ in a variety of ways,questions are presented in two basic types; Open ended Structured Open ended questions There are several advantages of open ended questions if the researcher is interested in probing deep into a particular issue such as motivation, job satisfaction, etc. There are some limitations inherent in open ended questions. These include, Difficulty in recording lengthy answers, particularly when the respondents interest is aroused by the researcher through probing, difficulty in asking more than two questions as the answer may take both time as well as space in the questionnaire , and relatively high degree of reliance on the researchers own judgment as to what he thinks is the meaning of the answers given to open ended questions. Despite these limitations open ended questions are used by researcher when the questionnaire based interview method is adopted because an experienced researcher can always exploit the advantages associated with open ended questions. Structured questions This presents the respondent with fixed response alternatives. That is question is worded in such a manner as to induce the respondent to answer by making a choice between two or more alternatives. Advantage-easy to administer in the field because they are pre-coded. Interviews Is a method of collecting data by speaking to someone who is often not known to the researcher previously. Thus it would involve a considerable amount of interpersonal skills on the part of the researcher to establish a relationship with the person being interviewed and elicit the required information within a limited period of time. There are two basic types of interviews, Structured and unstructured. Observation Method Is a technique adopted highly in qualitative research to study natural behaviour. Thus observation involves making judgments about the occurrence of behaviour , its frequency, its duration or its latency. These measures are the basic data used to describe the naturally occurring behaviour or to assess the effects of such behaviour. Therefore the collection of the data through observation has to be done carefully in order to ensure accuracy ,reliability and objectively. There are two broad methods of observing behaviour: participant and non participant. Case study Method This involves studding individual cases in their natural environment over a period of time. One who uses a case study method may adopt different methods of data collection and analysis. These methods may be either qualitative or quantitative or a combination of both. Research Strategy Selecting the most suitable channels to the company. For this purpose number of channels should be investigated. Sampling Techniques Select a sample size based on the company size that covers all areas and all levels of employees. Data Collection Tools High quality data should be collected.. Data Analysis Methods Methods such as pie charts, tables, decision trees, scatter diagrams and so on can be used to analyze data. Presentation of Data Data should be presented using a report and a multimedia presentation. Research Limitations This research is focusing only on the communication channels. Communication process and their reliability is being ignored. Ethical implications of this research If the employees provide wrong information the whole research is misleading. Research Schedule Depending on the nature and activities of the research a time schedule should to be prepared. Conclusions This research is based on the topic How the channels of communication with employees might be improved in a multinational organization. Existing channels and new channels to be introduced should be addressed. For this purpose research topic should be defined and background to the research has to be explained. Theories relevant to the research should be applied under literature review. Finally ethical issues that can be raised during the research should be addressed and the decision is taken based on employees perceptions. The study covers a wide area on the communication channels and based on the evaluation of how to improve the communication of the employees, new communication channels to be introduced must be taken into consideration, the necessary channels that should be improved according to improve the methods of communication in the organization. Under this research based on the multi national company we can learn and can get more knowledge as managers, how to manage effective communication in a multi national company, can feel the employees communication and how to control the whole communication process in a successful and effective manner in the organization.

Chylothorax and Superior Vena Cava Syndrome Case Study

Chylothorax and Superior Vena Cava Syndrome Case Study Title: Chylothorax and Superior Vena Cava Syndrome as the Initial Presentation of Non small Cell Lung Cancer, which was Successfully Resolved by Systemic Chemotherapy We define a case report of 35 year old male presented with shortness of breath, dyspnea, heaviness of left chest wall, engorgement of vein in left side chest wall and upper left neck, swelling in left side of the neck, chest pain and cough. At the time of admission, an abnormal round opacity presented in left upper lung lobe and histology shows non-small cell carcinoma with superior vena cava syndrome was diagnosed. MSCT scan report heterogeneous enhancing large soft tissue density mass lesion of size approximately 96 100 mm seen in left upper lobe extending in to whole mediastinum encasing all major vessel including arch of aorta, descending aorta, trachea, esophagus, pulmonary trunk,M PA and all major neck vessels origin. Lesion causing significant luminal narrowing of left main bronchus. Lesion causing obliteration of left brachio-cephalic.Left moderate pleural effusion seen. Heterogeneous attenuated right lung field is seen due to mosaic perfusion. Left sided thoracocentesis done milky white fluid drained from pleural cavity. Ultrasonography guided FNAC left lung done is suggestive of non-small cell carcinoma. Superior vena cava syndrome associated with lung carcinoma with massive chylothorax. Patient received cisplatin and gemcitabine chemotherapy. After chemotherapy taken chylothorax resolution almost completely. Key words: Lung cancer; squamous cell carcinoma; chylothorax; superior vena cava syndrome INTRODUCTION Lung cancer in India commonly accounts 80-85% of non-small cell carcinoma. In Acharya tulsi regional cancer treatment and research institute Bikaner hospital squamous cell carcinoma interpretation for 15% of all cases of NSCLC according to registry. In advanced lung cancer chemotherapy play main role in quality of life and survival. Chylothorax initial symptom of NSCLC is rare but pleural effusion is commonly seen. Chylothorax is mostly seen after complication of lung surgery. But in this case chylothorax is initial presentation with NSCLC with SVC. Incidence of chylothorax is .3-2.4%.[3-5]. Few report of this disorder in current year[2]. We report this case of NSCLC with initial appearance with SVC and chylothorax which resolved almost entirely with chemotherapy CASE REPORT A case report of 35 year old male presented with shortness of breath, dyspnea, heaviness of left chest wall, engorgement of vein in left side chest wall and upper left neck, swelling in left side of the neck, chest pain and cough. He is heavy smoker for 13 year and also chronic alcohol drinker. Patient vital signs at the time of admission pulse rate is 88 per minute, respiratory rate is 26 per minute, BP is 128/84 and temperature in normal limit. On auscultation breathe sound decreased in left side of chest. At the time of admission, an abnormal round opacity presented in left upper lung lobe and histology shows non-small cell carcinoma with superior vena cava syndrome was diagnosed. MSCT scan report heterogeneous enhancing large soft tissue density mass lesion of size approximately 96 100 mm seen in left upper lobe extending in to whole mediastinum encasing all major vessel including arch of aorta,descending aorta, trachea, esophagus, pulmonary trunk,M PA and all major neck vessels origin. Lesion causing significant luminal narrowing of left main bronchus. Lesion causing obliteration of left brachio-cephalic. Left moderate pleural effusion seen.Heterogeneous attenuated right lung field is seen due to mosaic perfusion. Multiple para-esophageal,perigastric, supra-clavicular,superior mediastinum, pre, paratracheal, subcarinal AP window lymphadenopathy are seen,larger measuring approx. 18 mm size. Left sided thoracocentesis done milky white fluid drained from pleural cavity. Ultrasonography guided FNAC left lung done is suggestive of non-small cell carcinoma. Superior vena cava syndrome associated with lung carcinoma with massive chylothorax. Patient received cisplatin and paclitaxil chemotherapy. cisplatin given D1 and D2 schedule. After two cycle chemotherapy taken chylothorax resolve almost completely.Laboratory investigation shows serum creatinine e 1.1 mg /dl, albumin 3.2 mg/dl, total cholesterol 193 mg/dl, serum; triglyceride, 93 mg/dl, LDH is 425 IU/l. thoracocentesis done and 2000 ml milky white coloured fluid drained. Milky fluid biochemistry done and shows triglyceride, 867 mg/dl; l actate dehydrogenase, 332 IU/l; and carcinoembryonic antigen, 6.16 ng/ml.The cytological analysis of fluid revealed no malignant cells. Intercostal tube inserted and fluid is drained and symptom is improved. The clinical stage was T3N2aM0 stage IIIb. Therefore, SCC of the lung complicated by chylothorax and SVCS was diagnosed. . Chemotherapy with paclitaxel (175 mg/m2) and cisplatin (75 mg/m2) was administered on days 1, and cisplatin give in two days in divided dose respectively of six cycle repeat 21-day. The dyspnea and shortness of breath improved after two cycle of chemotherapy and amount of milky fluid drained is gradually tapered in intercostal tube after chemotherapy given. After five cycles chemotherapy patient symptoms improved and neck swelling is disappear and intercostal drained is 230 ml/day so intercostal tube come out and remaining one cycles is given. After 6 cycle complete again CECT chest revealed tumor size significantly decreases and also pleural fluid almost di sappear but superior vena cava symptoms is minimally improved . Then subsequently, the patient put another chemotherapy with gemcitabine and carboplatin, and radiotherapy is given to chest wall 30 gy 300cGy per fraction total 10 fraction in 2 weeks, but the tumor eventually progressed. Discussion The relationship between lung cancer and chylothorax may occur after compression of tumor to thoracic duct so increase pressure to duct and ruptured [6]. Secondly in obstruction in superior vena cava so venous pressure is increased significantly so leakage of chyle from thoracic duct to pleural cavity [7-9]. Another Couse of chylothorax is side effect of radiotherapy because after radiotherapy fibrosis is there and diminishing of lymph circulation [10-13]. This complication of radiation treatment is also observed in many disease like Hodgkin lymphoma (mantle field technique), squamous cell carcinoma in esophagus, breast carcinoma and also lung carcinoma[ 10,11, 12, 13, ]. With out lung surgery chylothorax is rare but this case present chylothorax without surgery. In current year 3 case reported with non small cell carcinoma[2,10,14-16].table 1 shows patient have chylothorax with clinical manifestation and resolve after management. In this table include our case report. The three case report series have 2 male and one female and median age af all three case was 47 yrs. All case non small cell carcinoma sub group is squamous cell carcinoma. Dahlbalk et al.[17] shows squamous cell carcinoma of lung cancer present with thorasic duct fluid in pleural cavity and nodular depositation. All case presented with right side lung carcinoma. Pleural fluid cytology present wih malignant cell. Main dominant feature in case is chylothorax and its present in mainly right pleural space. Treatment of chylothorax is mainly frequently repeated aspiration of pleural fluid, low fatty diet, intercostal tube drainage, and pleurodesis with chemical substance. [6,18] surgical management of chylothorax is thorasic duct ligation and pieuroperitonial shunt are mainly used in when milky coulred fluid is more than 550 ml or more then continues 14 days. In Dahlbalk et al study mainly two case successfully treated with chemical pleurodesis. One patient any intervention not done because general condition is very poor give only paliiative treatment. If chylothorax associated with cloot in brachiocephalic vein or subclavian and jugular vein is treated with anticoagulant therapy. Beghetti et al[8]. studied resistant case of chylothorax associated with superior vena cava syndrome manage with chemotherapy. Our case usual taken four cycle chemotherapy and mostly resoved chylothorax . Thrombus in superior vena cava are correct with treatment of underlying couse. Symptoms of superior vena cava syndrome is extremlly improved with two cycle chemotherapy. It is revealing of a promising response to chemotherapy Table 1 three patients of non-small cell lung cancer presented with Chylothorax Abbreviations: SCC=squamous cell carcinoma; ; RML=right middle lung; RT= radiotherapy; C/T=chemotherapy; NA=not available

Household Energy Usage and Conservation :: Environmental Essays

Household Energy Usage and Conservation Household energy conservation is a very practical and realistic approach to conserving energy within our society. US households consume a tremendous amount of natural gas as well as electric energy. It has been calculated that the amount of energy consumed within the US increased exponentially from about 1850 to 1975. If energy continued to increase at this rate, we would be experiencing severe energy shortages in our current society. Luckily, steps towards conservation, including various energy regulations, have curbed that growth somewhat, brining the predicted 160 Qbtu/yr for the year 2000 down to around 93.8 Qbtu/yr by the year 1996. However, household energy usage is still a major issue as households consume about 38% of the total consumed energy and contribute greatly to natural gas consumption and issues such as global warming. Therefore, it is important that people understand how we use energy in the household and what steps can be taken to conserve that energy. One process within households that contributes greatly to energy consumption is space heating. Space heating simply refers to the heating of the air throughout the house. It has been calculated that space heating consumes about 5.3 Qbtu per year. About 3.7 Qbtu come from natural gas and about .9 Qbtu come from Fuel oil. Only about .4 Qbtus of electricity are consumed by space heating. There are various ways which one can space heat their house. The most common way is to use a furnace, however, stoves, fireplaces, electric resistance heaters and electrically powered heat pumps can also be used to heat the house. Furnaces run mostly off natural gas and tend to be around 60-90% efficient. Older units can be as low as 50% efficient. Electric resistance heaters are usually around 100% efficient at producing heat. However, this statistic is slightly misleading when thinking about total efficiency because you must account for the electric energy being consumed by the heater. Power plants are only able to produce electric energy from natural gas at about 35% efficiency. Consequently, electricity is more expensive than natural gas to produce, making electric resistance heaters more expensive to operate. This energy cost must also be accounted for when adding up the total cost of electric resistance heating. Another way to heat ones house is to use a fireplace.

Women in Physics :: physics female females

Outline In 1944 the German chemist Otto Hahn was awarded a Noble Prize for his work on nuclear fission - the process that lies at the heart of nuclear bombs and power stations. The Austrian physicist Lise Meitner, who was the official leader of Hahn's team, and who also worked out the theoretical explanation of their experimental discoveries, was not even mentioned in the Noble committee's announcement. (Wertheim) Thirteen years later the Chinese-American particle physicist Chien-Shiung Wu would likewise be left out when the Nobel committee made its announcements. Likewise English astronomer Jocelyn Bell, who discovered pulsars, would also be denied a share in the Nobel that went only to her (male) supervisor. Reports in the past showed that the highest percentages of women among students awarded a doctorate in physics are 20 to 27 percent ( India, Australia, Poland and France) and the lowest percentages are 8-9 percent (Japan, South Korea, Netherlands and Germany). An international survey of around 900 women physicists in more than 50 countries found that the factor most frequently contributing to their success was encouragement from their families (parents and husbands). Also mentioned were the support of high school teachers, advisors, and professors; their own determination, will power and hard work; and participation in important international projects. The outcome of the survey showed somecultural differences from the countries represented, with family issues such as marriage and child care important factors in some countries, and less so in others. Women in developing countries are more likely than women in developed countries to be married (four out of five in the first case, compared to two out of three in the second). (Barbosa) The problems that the women surveyed mentioned were problems with balancing family and career and defeating the commonly encountered bias that women cannot do physics. The women who responded shared a strong passion for physics, and three out of four said that they would choose physics again, despite any difficulties or barriers they had encountered. A report from Japan stated that it takes women an average of ten years more to advance to the rank of professor than their male colleagues. A study from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology found women professors consistently had less laboratory and office space and were paid less than their male colleagues. "As of 1996, Princeton physics department had still not given tenure to a physicist not sporting the penile appendage" (Wertheim). What We Did to Get Where We Are:

Athletic Training and Writing Studies

Genre Analysis This paper will take an in depth look at two articles that are representative of two different discourse communities. It will also analyze features that are different amongst the two discourse communities so that people have a better understanding of the different characteristics that discourse communities possess. It will explore the different styles that each discourse community utilizes, including but not limited to writing, citation styles and organizational styles. Keywords: Discourse Community, characteristics, organizational style, citation style writing style Many people do not understand that to be considered a discourse community, a group must have certain attributes. These attributes represent the way that the discourse community read, write, or communicate with one another. It is important that these attributes are done on a level that will be understood by those within the discourse community they are a member of. Although each genre typically has their own way of communication, whether it is via writing, email, or another form of communicating, some utilize the same ways and other genres utilize different ways. Regardless of the choice of communication, the goal is the same throughout discourse communities and that is to have effective communication. The differences and similarities are apparent when analyzing two articles from two different discourse communities, Athletic Training and Writing Studies. The first peered reviewed article accessed from the Athletic Training Education Journal titled â€Å"Redefining Professional Knowledge in Athletic Training: Whose Knowledge Is It Anyway?† examines the way that Athletic Training has defined it body of knowledge and how to secure that body of knowledge in the Athletic Training discourse community. The second peered reviewed article titled â€Å"Rhetorical Reading Strategies and the Construction of Meaning† not only discusses reading and writing at a college level, however also discusses the role of rhetorical reading while writing and reading. Identification Identifying the differences and similarities between the two peered reviewed articles, â€Å"Redefining Professional Knowledge in Athletic Training: Whose Knowledge Is It Anyway?† by Patrick O. McKeon, PhD; Jennifer M. Medina McKeon, PhD; Paul R. Geisler, EdD and â€Å"Rhetorical Reading Strategies and the Construction of Meaning† by Christina Haas and Linda Flower gave more clarity on the different and similar writing styles of the two different discourse communities. The first difference that was apparent was the formatting of the two articles. The first article by McKeon et al. appears to use an APA format for their article. APA format typically includes an abstract as well as a reference page that list the sources that were utilized throughout the paper, this paper included both. The APA citations are also different than the MLA citations. The Haas and Flower article is done in an MLA format, it does not include an abstract, title page and the source page is referenced as a â€Å"work cited† page which is typical of MLA formatting. The citations in MLA formatting are presented differently on the â€Å"works cited† page than a reference page of the APA format. What was observed in both articles that was similar, although using the different formats, was that both articles were 1-inch margins and 12-point font which is adhering to both the MLA and APA formats. To attract a reader typically organization of an article is important. These two articles differed in how they were organized, for instance the article â€Å"Redefining Professional Knowledge in Athletic Training: Whose Knowledge Is It Anyway?† is organized by headings that clearly represent the facet of the information that is to follow the heading. Haas and Flowers article â€Å"Rhetorical Reading Strategies and the Construction of Meaning† does not include headings to present information, the information is sporadically placed within the article, including data represented by the study itself. A prominent similarity between the two articles was that they were both evidence-based articles. The article â€Å"Redefining Professional Knowledge in Athletic Training: Whose Knowledge Is It Anyway?† the study shows that by clearly relating the Professional body of knowledge and the evidence that is utilized in the evidence-based practice helps to secure that there is, in fact, authority and legitimacy to the Athletic Training Profession body of Knowledge. (McKeon, el.at.) The article â€Å"Rhetorical Reading Strategies and the Construction of Meaning† was based on studies done with college students. These studies represented primarily the different ways that college students read and write. These studies were performed in hopes that undeniable proof would indeed help to strengthen the abilities of college students in the aspects of reading and writing. There were similarities to the stylistic form of writing of both the articles. The Haas and Flower article was more of an active voice rather that a passive voice. This was noted mainly because of wording and sentence structure. An active voice basically describes what the subject is doing or going to do, which in this article could be clearly defined throughout. The article by McKeon el. at. also used an active voice throughout the article. Suggesting what could be done as well as what is being done to secure their Professional Body of Knowledge in the Athletic Training field. Using an active voice in both articles helped to validate the strength of the articles which is important to the reader. Regarding the convention of the two articles they differed in how information was conveyed through visual illustration. It was clear that the authors Haas and Flower utilized multiple illustrations to identify the results and convey important information a manner that was visually understood. This allowed for information to be conveyed faster and accurately with different visuals, i.e. graphs, figures. In the article â€Å"Redefining Professional Knowledge in Athletic Training: Whose Knowledge Is It Anyway?† the authors chose to not utilize many visuals, instead they utilized the grammar convention, which made deciphering the article slightly more time consuming that when visuals are incorporated. In short, the common goal of both articles was to communicate information to help advance their specific discourse community. In the Writing Studies community the information relayed, no matter how, was to improve the reading and writing skills of college students. In the community of Athletic Trainers, it was to facilitate a better understanding of the Professional Body of Knowledge and the relation to their stature in the healthcare field. The common goal simply stated was to advance each discourse community with the studies that were performed. Analysis Reading both articles, it was clear the active voice was representative of both the Writing Studies and Athletic Training discourse communities. Using the active voice defines a characteristic of both communities and the way they communicate, making sure that information is conveyed, clearly, concisely and straight to the point. This is an important attribute to these discourse communities simply because to advance it is important to understand and communicating efficiently is important. Utilizing the active voice also relays the strength and validation to the article which is important to the reader also. These two articles are clearly written as evidence-based articles, this is another important characteristic of the discourse communities of which the authors belong. It shows that both discourse communities rely on data that has scientifically evident and data that proves the facts. This information is made available in both articles through concise experiments that resulted in a conclusion that was beneficial to both discourse communities. This is an important attribute in the discourse communities because the reputable proof that is determined through these experiments reflects that the discourse communities require information that is only factual and based by scientific evidence. Organizational manner of both articles as stated was different. The article by McKeon, el. at. chose to structure the paper with an introduction, method, result, analysis and discussion format. This type of structure can be a representative characteristic of the discourse community Athletic Training by suggesting the discourse community relies mainly on scientific evidence and factual data. Utilizing headings helps the reader follow and have a clearer understanding of the material that is being discussed. The article by Haas and Flower chose to take a more laxed approach to the structure of their article. The authors used very little headings and left the article with points that could be further discussed. Even know results were apparent this article was left more open-ended, maybe to leave the reader no choice but to ask questions? This type of structure demonstrates the discourse communities will to speak freely and offer any elaboration that is needed. The different formatting of the articles APA and MLA represent the different characteristics that both discourse communities possess. The Athletic Training discourse community utilized an APA format in this article, this is representative of the concise, reliability and validity that is expected when writing in this discourse community. The authors of the Writing Studies article utilized the MLA format for the structure of their paper which is typical of the discourse community. This type of format demonstrates the discourse community's openness to further discuss and elaborate on the subject at hand. The difference in the formatting of the citations on both the reference and works cited pages represent the discourse communities' differences of what they stress importance on when using multiple sources. MLA citations always begin with the title name and APA citations usually begin with author first. The Athletic Training discourse community, using the APA format prefers to emphasize the importance of the author (writer) contrary to the discourse community of Writing Studies who choose to emphasize the importance of the subject in their citation. The conventions that were apparent in the articles displayed the discourse communities' differences in respect to conveying information. The Haas and Flower article had multiple visual illustrations that conveyed precise information in a quick manner. This is standard of the Writing Studies discourse communities will to open minded for elaboration. Presenting a graph or figure can reflect the need for more discussion. The McKeon el. at. article used only one display of visual illustration to convey information which is contrary to the discourse community who is usually under time constraints. The authors chose to use more grammar conventions such as mechanics, usage, and sentence structure to convey their message. This is also typical of the discourse community of Athletic Training and their continued effort to communicate in a fashion that is easily understood, straight to the point, concise and efficient. The last noted similarity in both articles was the fact that the articles were written in a manner that provided information to improve their discourse communities. Knowledge is power, and this was reflective in both articles with the information that was conveyed. This makes sense as both discourse communities have common goals and that is to better the community to which they belong by further research and continued communication. Reflection This Genre Analysis has given me the opportunity to explore and examine the different writing styles of the discourse communities of Writing Studies and Athletic Training. Despite that the discourse communities are from completely different realms, I analyzed both articles which later proved to achieve one common goal and that was communication through writing. After analyzing the two articles it was clear that the discourse communities had different as well as similar writing styles that they utilized to convey their messages. I was able to gain an understanding that the overall goal of conveying information effectively and concisely. Of which, ironically, was a common goal among both discourse communities. This analysis has also given me a better understanding of how writing, or the type of writing used can identify the characteristics of a discourse community. For example, the Athletic Training discourse community writes in a fashion that is straight forward and to the point to communicate the outcome. The Writing Studies discourse community tends to leave some information open ended, up for discussion they are a little laxer in their approach. No matter the approach in writing among the discourse community the bottom line will always be the same, to write in a manner that is concise and effective. Another very important aspect that was observed was the importance of adapting to the writing styles of the discourse community you belong to. Adapting will ensure that you can communicate effectively within the discourse community and most importantly be respected by fellow members. ReferencesHaas, C., ; Flower, L. (1988). Rhetorical Reading Strategies and the Construction of Meaning. College Composition and Communication, 39(2), 167-183. doi:10.2307/358026Patrick O. McKeon, Jennifer M. Medina McKeon, and Paul R. Geisler (2017) Redefining Professional Knowledge in Athletic Training: Whose Knowledge Is It Anyway?. Athletic Training Education Journal: April-June 2017, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 95-105. https://doi.org/10.4085/120295

Looking Glass Self Essay

In the more or less fundamental terms the Looking Glass self is your self image which is formed by the views others hold of you. These views the people around you crap asshole aim either a positive or interdict make on your self imagine. First we cinema how our personality and appearance exit sleep together off to others, and then we think close to how they will judge our personality and appearance. As people around us go bad judgment on who we are this is when our self- impression develops, basically who we think we are and how we nip close ourselves as a whole.These judgments can nourish a powerful effect on ones beliefs and feelings nigh themselves. Ive matt-up and been effected by the beliefs another person has active me. When I was in the 8th association I approximation I was a wonderful student, smart, well behaved. I felt as though my instructors all thought the same way. Then one daytimelight my homeroom teacher called me stupid for missing a homewo rk assignment. To be called out in front of the class like that was horrifying. though that wasnt the only time an incidence like that occurred.In the 9th grade I struggled with math. I did poorly on tests, I already lacked confidence in the government issue and it took one day with a rilievo teacher to shatter it completely. I will never forget the words she verbalize to me Why cant you purification the test? Are you stupid? As minor of any age, those words are damaging to the way you feel about yourself, and the way you think others perceive you. give tongue to a child hes stupid enough times and ultimately hell start believing you, claims Benj Vardigan, with the behavioural Institute.When a child makes mistakes or doesnt understand a concept, his knee-jerk reaction whitethorn be to conclude that hes stupid. Take that one step farther and watch a child fall in trying to understand or transgress trying to learn a concept because he automatically assumes he cant figure it out. (Hatter) In A Class Divided on of the world-class examples of looking glass self that I picked up on was when the children came back in from recess after fighting. Mrs. Elliot asks Whats hurt with being called brown eyes? and a littleboy, Roy, says It means were stupider and well, not that Its immediate how the effect of this examine took hold. These children took to heart what their teacher, Mrs. Elliot had said, that brown eyed children are less than blue eyed children, they arent as smart or as well behaved. In the first day of the lesson the effects on their peers perception of them had caused so much turmoil that it caused one child to hit another, clearly the veto fit of looking glass. In the Teaching Adults section, Mrs. Elliott describes how she gave tests out front during and after the lesson on discrimination.Telling the listening that the student test scores machinate on the day they are on top, scores drop when they are on the bottom and after the experim ent the childrens testing scores maintain a higher level. She attributed this to the children discovering how slap-up they are. I entrust instilling a positive self-imagine in a child is one of the most grievous things a parent, or teacher can do. Whether self-concept is positive or negative can influence important areas of a childs development and achievement. Educators have recognized that there is a connecter between self-concept and performance in school.Students with a strong self-concept tend to have good grades and take an active role in school. They are able to accept challenges and respect new learning experiences. Students with a negative self-concept tend to have both posture and behavior problems. They may be loth to try new things, because they believe they will fail anyway, or they may not work up to their potential. Some educators feel that a positive self-concept is so important that children need to be taught to like themselves in advance they are taught acad emic skills such as reading, writing, and mathematics. (Myers-Walls and Hinkley)

Banking Practice & Guiding Laws Thereof on Ncc Bank

readation unwrap 1. 0 INTRODUCTION PART 1. 1 channel of the Report This confineship vernalspaper entitled wedgeing Practice & channelize Laws thitherfrom NCC cuss Perspective. has been started at the November 2011 d exceed the stairs the focal compass even of our honor satis ciphery intern supervisor & get wordor Syed Shamsir Hossain. Asst. Vice Pre placementnt & omnibus for the uncomplete fulfillment of the indispensability. 1. 2. Objectives of the cyphering Main non strung-outive of the handle is to analyze the en deponeing Practice & Guiding Laws of NCC situate building Ltd. More bothwhere, the check similarly proboscis forth the chase particular(prenominal) objectives 1)To view the existent exploits/activities of General beveling crystallize 2)To study the existing cognitive operations/activities of outside(prenominal) transposition ingredient. 3)To study the existing operations/activities of gives and climb section. 1. 3 Methodolog y of the Study The methodological section of the study is de sign-language(a) as data entreaty Methods of Data cacheion The report was fully exploratory in nature. Data give way been collected from twain primary coil and secondary sources.Primary sources of data expression to face conversation with the bevel policemans & staffs. promiscuous conversation with the clients Secondary sources of data una bid manuals of NCC jargon check Different circulars of NCC marge confine Annual report of NCC stick express charge, (2008-09-10) Prospectus of NCC curse (2010) 1. 4 point of accumulation of the Report The array study was non reveal of peg d induceations. But as an intern it was a bully opportunity for me to live the sticking activities of Bangladesh speci some(prenominal)y NCC patois. some(prenominal) constraints be app nullifyed ejacu late(a) The main constraint of the study is misfortunate access to in produceation, which has hampered the scope of anal ysis subscribe to for the study. As it is a pertly imprecate it could non start all(prenominal) its operation, it was otiose to bear whatsoever formatted entrys data for the study. ? each organization has their own secrecy that is non revealed to early(a)s. While collecting data i. e. interviewing the employees, they did non dis shut up some(prenominal) information for the pursuit of the confidentiality of the g everyplacenance. ? Since the b hostel some unityals were rattling busy, they could entrust me real pocket-sized conviction. An new(prenominal) job is that creates a lot of confusions regarding verification of data. In both(prenominal) bailiwicks more than unitary soul were interviewed to finish up each concept as umteen of the asserters failed to provide unmortgaged-cut idea virtually the theorize they perform. AN OVERVIEW OF NATIONAL commendation AND employment lingo LTD. 2. 0 NATIONAL ac point of reference AND COMMERCE posit LTD. 2 . 1 origi union NCC Bank Limited is a new generation shadowt. It is a schedule brim beneath private celestial sphere aerofoil up low celestial orbit of Bank political party Act, 1991 and in bodiedd as globe Limited comp some(prenominal)(prenominal) act, 1994 on 17th whitethorn 1993.Prior to conversion into a schedule technical indentationured theme course credit Limited (NCL) was incorpo lay outd as public trammel investment specie comp whatsoever in Bangladesh on 18th November 1985. It do its journey with a climatest beginning on twenty-fifth November 1985 at its registered office and first divide at 7-8 Motijheel commercial-grade Area, Dhaka-1000. The initial let jacket of the company was 30 (Thirty) crore consisting of 30 (Thirty) lac. Ordinary sh ar of Tk. 100/- each. A new opportunity in this region of m unitytary activities was capable for the line of craft.NCL make a cargonful journey and retained its cab atomic frame 18ted ontogeny f or few kins with its hooked professional management at a lower tail to the nobleest degree unpredictable, unregulated, uncertainties and keep rumpations. The emergence of NCC Bank Limited at the Juncture of liberalization of global scotch activities, after(prenominal) the URUGUAY round has been an in-chief(postnominal) telephone number in the m sensationtary sector of Bangladesh. The fuck of the prosperous force and the strategic operable insurance is the option of the buzzword. The company philosophy, A Bank with vision has been precisely the scent of the legend of Banks success. . 1. 1 NCC Bank- At Present Like vesture shops, stoogedy shops, bake shops, food shops, NCCBL is not a debt shop the edge macrocosm use by some(prenominal) to look to the present say dep sensations. It is now been knelled a modern border that infratakes all its operation at intertheme exemplification. Having standard its operation as a mer rousetileized blaspheme in 1993, r ecording from some primary difficulties, NCC stick has now emerged as a major toyer in the pecuniary sector. numbered in both Dhaka and Chittagong bourses since late 1999 with an IPO that brocaded the ante uping-up slap-up of the fix to Tk. 9 crore. Banks argon the pillars of the mo shekelsary organization. Specially, in Bangladesh, the health of the depository financial institutioning system is precise vital because the crownwork commercialise is little developed here. As the vernaculars atomic number 18 pacify the major sources of credit and exercise great influence on the fiscal system, it is extremely effectant that the kingdoms blasphemeing systems should be in good health in the sideline of investment activities, contact the subscribe of all harmings of carry and related matters.Over the years, NCC assert has built itself as one of the pillars of Bangladeshs financial sector and is playing a pivotal contri scarcelyion in the extending the role of the private sector of the economy. The border has a smashed fork ne 2rk nation wide with 32 set- gagees. i. 2. 1. 2 swap NCCBL operates impertinent qualify business promptly. thither 13 tell apart deals with orthogonal stand in. 2. 1. 2 disposition of the business Mission of NCC hope We shall be the forefront of guinea pig scotchal victimization by ?Anticipating business solutions compulsory by all our clients e rattlingwhere and innovational supplying them beyond expectation. Setting industriousness benchmarks of world class standard delivering client value by dint of our comprehensive harvest-tide appreciation, client work and all our activities twist an exciting throng-based operative milieu that go forth attract, develop and moderate employees of exceptional power who help celebrate the success of our business, of our customer and of home(a) development. ?Maintaining the racyest ethical standards and a community responsibility worthy of a play story integrated citizen. ?Continuously improving ingatherin tending(p) upess and goodability, and thereby enhancing sh be holder value. . 1. 3 mint To be in the front of national development by providing all the customers sacred strength, guessable support and the close to comprehensive assert of business solution by means of our team of professional that work passionately to be outstanding(a) in ein truth liaison we do. 2. 1. 4 Goal of the Bank To sh be a signifi basint portion of the wedgeing sectors by utilizing available manpower and dealwise state of the art technology for maximising the sh argonholders wealth. i. Long destination Goal To increase the wealth of the sh atomic number 18holders. ii. pitiful Term GoalTo piss satis accompanimentory rate of return on investment by providing wide range of margining operate. 2. 1. 5 Board of Directors At present there argon 26 pieces in the Board of Director. Out of 26 members 23 of them be the sponsor of the sh beholder and 3 of them argon publicly nominated as the equity participants from keen trade afford included them. However the members argon induce to put forward annul ecumenical meeting and decl be the dividend payout schedule on out-of-pocket snip. Moreover, the committee selected by sh atomic number 18holders represents individual body that and and so looks after the periodic disoblige with the management and tries to solve the problem. . 1. 6 way of NCC bank For any financial and non-financial organization, focal point is the most valuable and momentant resources of any kind of organization. And, a decisionly-organize management provides the organization to reach its ultimate goal. Management take inion planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling of all financial and non-financial resources of an organization. Different aspects of management practice in NCC coin bank planning, organizing, staffing, directing & controlling, human resources pra ctices and recruitment finally. 2. 1. Features of NCCBL Bank is an in retainerediary institute. Like other commercial bank NCCBL in any causa has some finicky features. They ar as follows ii. hearty-grounded Entity It is compulsory matter for a bank to achieve legal entity. The stronger legal entity leads to powerful banking program. NCCBL has a strong legal entity. iii. organisational Structure NCCBL has a well-set organizational structure. Organizational structure is a condition of telling banking activities. iv. fiscal Solvency Though NCCBL is a new bank, its ratio of liquidity is well and strong.So, the clients annoy greater confidence in the bank. v. Location of The Bank Location is very useful for bank. The take Office and the stagees of NCCBL be located in the consequenceant point of the capital and the other district towns. vi. notification with the Central Bank As the NCCBL is the government-registered bank, so it maintains a friendly behavior with the Ba ngladesh Bank. vii. auspices the NCCBL is totally a secured bank. The clients of the bank sit a heavy surety on their fasten. viii. Management of the Bank The executives and the officers of NCCBL are very experienced.Maximum executives are ex-government bank officers. NCC bank is a progressive commercial bank in privet sector in Bangladesh. It creates a new opportunities for its clients. It gives customized service and harmonious banker-client relationship. It contri scarcelyes towards formation of national capital, growth of saving and investment in trade, commerce and industrial sectors. It provides antithetical fonts of commercial banking and run to the customer of all strata in the society with in the stipulation set down in the Bank phoner Act 1991. Rules and regulations ramed by the Bangladesh bank from time to time. 2. 1. 8 Business Operation National Commerce and Credit Bank Limited emerged as bank in the artless on 17th May 1993 out of a great turbulent power enc ounter by set magical spell National Credit Limited. However the governance survived the ordeals and come out as a full-fledged commercial bank. The company raised its authorised Capital to Tk. 750 million as per guidelines set out by the Bangladesh Bank. The stipendiary up capital was rigid at Tk. 480. 48 million as against Tk. 429. 00 million. 2. 1. 9 workmanship pay and Correspondent BanksSuccessful companies at once are fully aware that they take in to be able to rely on the services of a bank that good deal handle multinational trade with a good hand. Ever since its conversion into a full fledged bank in 1993, NCC bank has been an accomplished Trade finance bank. With a highly professional team experienced and dealnt professionals we are able to provide a wide range of services to companies engaged in outside(a) trade. NCC Bank has to a fault positioned itself as an found correspondent bank. Through a ecumenical network of 260 correspondent banks NCC Bank is prese nt in all key areas of the globe.Our ambit of correspondent includes top lodgeing worldwide banks with a global reach. 2. 1. 10. Branches of NCCBL NCCBL has 87 (Eighty Seven) growthes all over in Bangladesh. 2. 1. 11. Performance of the Bank The bank may hold in its strong image in the mind of the customers and shareholders as a leading financial inception despite serious competition from both local and extraneous banks operating in the republic. Sill they are increasing their profit. Its orifice profit was Tk. 624. 94 million in 2003, which were Tk. 2371. 68 million after tax in 2010. 2. 1. 12 Authorize CapitalThe authorize capital of the bank is Tk. 10,000. 00 million in the year 2010. 2. 1. 13. Paid-up Capital The bank raises its ante up capital from Tk. 480. 48 million to Tk. 4501. 25 million for 2002 to 2010. With the increase of paid-up capital the capital based of the bank has stupefy strong. rearwardsup man Fund and Other militia The reserve caudex of the b ank change magnitude of Tk. 5771. 09 million in the year 2010 as against Tk. 4371. 62 million of previous year. 2. 1. 14 incarnate Mission To provide high quality financial services in swopation and aftermath trade. To provide sensitive quality customer service. To maintain Corporate and business ethics. To manufacture a rely repository of customers farm animals and their financial advisor. To bow out off our investment trust superior and rewarding to the customers/share holders. To display team spirit and professionalism. To eat up a Sound Capital Base. 2. 1. 15 Corporate Culture This bank is one of the most disciplined Banks with a typical corporate culture. here(predicate) we believe in shared meaning, shared see to iting and shared sense making. Our people hobo descry and lowstand events, activities, objects and situation in a distinctive way.They mould their manners and etiquette, category individually to suit the purpose of the Bank and the needs of the customers who are of par inwardness splendour to us. The people in the Bank cope with themselves as a tight mess up team/family that believes in workings unitedly for growth. The corporate culture we belong has not been imposed it has rather been achieved through with(predicate) our corporate conduct. 2. 1. 16 attire Analysis SWOT analysis is the detailed study of an organizations exposure and potence in perspective of its strength, weakness, opportunity and threat.This facilitates the organization to flip their existing line of mental process and in any fact foresee the future tense to improve their performance in comparison to their competitors. As though this tool, an organization privy in like manner study its current position, it can withal be considered as an main(prenominal) tool for making changes in the strategic management of the organization. Strengths NCC commit Limited has already established a respectable re clotheation in the banking finish of th e agricultural. It is one of the leading private sector commercial banks in Bangladesh. The bank has already shown a tremendous growth in the profits and sedimentations sector. NCC depose has provided its banking service with a top leadership and management position. NCC blaspheme Limited has already achieved a high growth rate accompanied by an impressive profit growth rate in 2001. The number of deposits and the loans and acclivitys are also increasing rapidly. NCC swan has an interactional corporate culture. The working environment is very friendly, interactive and informal. And, there are no apart(p) barriers or boundaries composition communicate surrounded by the superior and the employees. This corporate culture provides as a great motivation factor among the employees. NCC bank has the reputation of macrocosm the supplier of good quality services too its, potential customers. Weaknesses The main of import thing is that the bank has no clear relegation stateme nt and strategic plan. The bank doesnt gift any long- bourn strategies of whether it wants to revolve around on retail banking or plow a corporate bank. The path of the future should be de terminationinationined now with a strong feasible strategic plan. The bank failed to provide a strong quality-recruitment policy in the lower and some mid(prenominal) level position. As a go forth the services of the bank seem to be Deus in the present twenty-four hourss. _The poor service quality has become a major problem for the bank. The quality of the service at NCC bank is higher than the Dhaka Bank, NCC believe or Dutch Bangla Bank etcetera But the bank has to compete with the planetary Bank located here. Some of the job in NCC lingo has no growth or barbelment path. So inadequacy of motivation exists in persons filling those positions. This is a weakness of NCC BANK that it is having a root word of unsatisfied employees. __In wrong of promotional sector, NCC BANK has to mo re emphasize on that. They gather in to follow aggressive cheat oning campaign. _The disrespect jeopardys of all term loans have to be minimized in ordinate to sustain in the financial market. Because of default risk the organization may become bankrupt. NCC BANK has to remain vigilant about this problem so that proactive strategies are interpreted to minimize this problem if not eliminate. Opportunities In order to reduce the business risk, NCC BANK has to expand their business portfolio. The management can consider options of starting merchant banking or diversify into leasing and insurance sector. The activity in the secondary financial market has direct impact on the primary financial market.Banks operate in the primary financial market. Investment in the secondary market governs the national economic activity. Activity in the national economy controls the business of the bank. fortune in retail banking lies in the fact that the hoidenishs increased population is gradu ally learning to adopt consumer finance. The raft of our population is middle class. Different signs of retail change products have great conjure to this class. So a wide garland of retail bestow products has a very boastful and easily pregnable market. A large number of private banks coming into the market in the recent time.In this warlike environment NCC BANK essential expand its product line to enhance its sustainable competitive advantage. In that product line, they can hold in the ATM to compete with the local and the foreign bank. They can face credit witticism and account card system for their potential customer. In addition of those things, NCC BANK can introduce fussy corporate final cause for the corporate customer or officer who have an income level higher from the service holder. At the selfsame(prenominal) time, they can introduce scheme or loan for variant service holders.And the scheme should be dispel according to the professions, such(prenominal ) as engineers, lawyers, doctors. Threats every(prenominal) sustaining multinational banks and upcoming foreign and private banks pose significant threats to NCC BANK Limited. If that happens the military posture of competition provide rise gain and banks leave have to develop strategies to compete against these local and foreign banks. Other commercial banks are offering higher honorarium that may create problem for NCCBL to retain their experienced managers and executives. ? MAJOR PRODUCTS OF NCC BANK LTD. 3. 0 PRODUCTS OF NCC BANKBefore discussion about products of NCC Bank, we have to understand what banks products are. Bank is a service point industry and deals with discordant financial products and services for financial gains. financial products and services products that a bank offers to its customers are mainly categorize as under a) fasten Products to generate funds. b) lend products for financial gains c) gold Transmission products d) planetary business produ cts e)Special fee earning service3s f)social services products Products that are marketing by NCC Bank are as under 3. 1. 1. alluviation Products Deposit is the lifeblood of a bank. From the tarradiddle and origin of the banking system we know that deposit collection is the main function of a bank. Accepting deposits offices of collecting deposit cognitive process are almost same in the entire bank and the branches as well. The deposits that are live withed by NCC BANK like other banks may be classified into au thuslytic Deposit Short term deposit Saving Deposit frozen deposit Special Saving end Deposit (SSS) 3. 1. 2. impart Products Bank has its own principle about the credit basic or loan to the ustomers, that change product of a bank or of a branch is equal primal to verify the outstanding at the end of any fiscal year. Every bank pays special attention about their alter products, because these products are handed over on a uniform basis. Continuous give a. Secured Overdraft against Financial Obligation superoxide dismutase (FO) Advances allowed to individual/ tights against financial obligation (i. e. lien of FDR/PSP/BSP/ insurance constitution etc. ) and against assignment of flora order for execution of bargainual works pivot under this head. It is a nonstop advance facility.By this agreement, the banker allows his customer to overdraft his current forecast up to his credit limits basic by the bank. The liaison is rout outd on the bar, which he withd earthys, not on the warrantyed add. NCC BANK sanctions SOD against divers(prenominal) security. b. Secured Overdraft against Work order/ real number Estate etc SOD (G) Advances allowed against assignment of work order or execution of contractual works come abouts under this head. This advance is mostly allowed for a definite period and specific purpose i. e. it is not a continuous credit. It move under the form others. c. supersede Credit (Hypothecation)Advances allowed to individual / sloshed for affair as well as whole sales agreement purpose or to industries to meet up the working capital requirements against hypothecation of goods as primary security fall under this symbol of lending. It is a continuous credit. It is allowed under the category (i) Commercial Lending when the customer is other than a industry and (ii) Working Capital when the customer is an industry. d. currency Credit (Pledge) Financial accommodations to individual / firm for trading as well as restore-sale purpose or to industries as working capital against crispen of goods as primary security fall under this head on advance.It is also a continuous credit and like the above allowed under the categories (i) Commercial Lending and (ii) Working Capital. e. exportationingationation immediate defrayal Credit (ECC) Financial accommodation allowed to a party for export of goods move under this head and is reason as merchandise Credit, The advances must be liquidated out o f export consequence indoors 180 eld. posit lend take up loanword (Forced LIM, BLC, PAD, IBP etc). derelict period will be reckoned from the day succeeding(a) the date of expiry of such loan.? Less than 6 months ? 6 months or more besides less than 9 months 9 months or more but less than 12 months ?More than 12 monthsUnclassified Sub-standard Doubtful Bad/loss 1% 20% 50% 100% a. loan General Short term, Medium term & Long term loans allowed to individual /firm /industries for a specific purpose but for a definite period and mostly repayable by instalments fall under this head . this type of lending are mainly allowed to accommodate finance under the category (a) Large & Medium subdue industry and (b) tiny & Cottage attention . actually term financing for (a) market-gardening & (b) Others are also included here . b. assume Loan Against Ship breakingThis type of loans does not exercise in this branch, but being exercised to other branch that provide advances again st ship breaking. c. earnings Against Documents (PAD) retribution do the bank against lodgment of cargo ships inventorys of goods merchandise through L. C. falls under this head. It is an jury-rigged advance connected with import and is roomyly liquidated shortly against allowances usually make by the party for retirement of the documents for judgment of dismissal of merchandise goods from the customs authority. It falls under the category Commercial Lending . d. Loan against trade Merchandise (LIM)Advances allowed for retirement of shipping documents and release of goods import through L. C. taking impressive control over the goods by plight in brokerage theatre under banks lock & key fall under this type of advance. This is also a pro tem advance connected with import which is cognize as post-import finance and falls under the category Commercial Lending. e, Loan against commit acknowledge (LTR) Advance allowed for retirement of shipping documents and releas e of goods imported through L. C. without effective control over the goods delivered to the customer falls under this head.The goods are handed over to the importer under trust with the arrangement that sale income tax return should be deposited to liquidate the advances within a given period. This is also a temporary advance connected with import and know as post-import finance and falls under the category Commercial Lending. g. Packing Credit Advance allowed to a party against specific L. C/firm contract for processing/ packing of goods to be exported falls under this head and is categorized as Packing Credit. The advances must be adjusted from proceeds of the relevant exports within 180 years. i. external infotainment Bills leveraged (FDBP)Payment make to a customer through secure/ dialog of a foreign objective honkers falls under this head. This temporary advance is adjustable from the proceeds of the shipping/export documents. Its falls under the category merchandise Credit j. Local Documentary Bills Purchased (LDBP/IDBP) Payment made against documents representing sell of goods to local export oriented industries which are deemed as exports and which are denominated in Local currency/ foreign currency falls under this head. The bank note of commuting is held as the primary security. This temporary liability is adjustable from the proceeds of the institutionalizes. . fiesta Business Loan. This type of loan are in general sanctioned depending on the occasion, more than two festival business loans are generally sanctioned in an annum. Term Loan a. Project Loan NCC BANK offers antithetical conventional credit/investment schemes and the Banking products to their customers. So far loans and advances portfolio includes Project finance in the form of Term Loan, trustworthy Estate pay, Secured Overdraft against FDR, different security awards, working capital in the form of Cash Credit Hypothecation, mo Trade pay in the form of PAD/LIM/TR etc .NCC BANK considers the loans, which are sanctioned for more than one year as term loan. beneath this facility, an enterprise is financed from the starting to its finishing, i. e. from installation to its employment b. Transportation Loan Considers the loans, which are sanctioned for the purpose of delivering the goods on to its final destination, its generally used in the form of inland exporting or seat to dressing earn of credit. c. endure Building Loan Loans allowed to individual/ enterprise construction of house (residential or commercial) fall under this of advance.The amount is repayable by monthly installment within a qualify period, advances are known as Loan (HBL GEN). d. Small Business Loan Short term and long term loans allowed to individual/ firms / industries for a specific purpose but a definite period and generally repayable by the installments fall under this head. These types of lending are mainly allowed to accommodate financing under the categories. Small and Cottage Industries, Very often term financing for farming and others are also included here. e. Consumer Finance LoanNCCBL keeping in mind the economic development and helping the fixed income group in fulfilling their demand to upgrade the standard of living will continue originally consumer finance scheme for Household appliances, article of furniture & Fixture, Air Conditioner, Fax Machine, motor regular recurrence/Car, Cellular phone, and Other equipment f. Lease Finance NCCBL to keep its contribution to the growth of national GDP, accelerate the total economic development by infusing the fund in re oil-bearing sector in more effective and effective way diversity its portfolio and contact the customers need would go for lease finance for Setting up of small and bungalow industries/Projects, BMRE of existing jumps Transports (roads/marine), Medical equipment/ running(a)/clinical/lab equipment/x-ray elevator car etc, mental synthesis equipment and other fixed assets o f other productive and service oriented ventures. g. private Loan To meet emergency financial requirement especially for medical interposition/surgical operation, marriage, admission of children/ educational expenses, maternity the loan facility may be extended. 3. 1. 3. Money transmission Product Carrying cash funds is troublesome and risky.Thats why goodty can be transferred from one place to some other(prenominal) through banking channel. This is called turn offtal. Remittances of funds are one of the most important aspects of the Commercial Banks in rendering services to its customers. Payment order/security deposit pass on (PO/SDR) This term will be discussed in the overall activities section under subsidence part. Demand brief (DD) This term will also been discussed in the overall activities section under remittance incision. Telegraphic enthral (TT) This is also a common term that in the remittance section as well. . Travelers check up on Travelers Cheque (TC)I ssue of TCTC is useful to traveler abroad. Customers can encash the TC in abroad from the drawee bank. TC is ersatz to holding cash and it provides better security than holding cash in hand. demoraliseing Of TCIf any unused leaf of TC is surrendered bank buys it from the customer. All payments are made in local currency. Banks generally buy only those TC. 3. 1. 4. International Business Products In banks when we talk of worldwide business products, we call down to the general mechanism by which a bank converts currency of one acres into that of another. strange switch over Department (FED) is the international department by which a bank or an AD branch transects with other international bank or of a brach. Bangladesh Bank issues license to scheduled banks to deal with foreign exchange. These banks are known as Authorized Dealers. If the branch is certain dealer in foreign exchange market, it can remit foreign exchange from local sylvan to foreign countries by transacting the ir international business products. So NCC BANK, principal(prenominal) branch is an certain dealer. Letter of Credit (L/C) top to back Letter of credit (BTB L/C) rag and selling of foreign exchange outside(prenominal) demand draft (FDD) overseas Demand DraftBank issue Demand Draft in favor of purchaser or any other according to counseling of purchaser. The payee can collect it for the drawee bank in which the consequence bank of Demand Draft holds its NOSTRO Account. Bank also makes payment on DD gaunt on this bank by its foreign correspondence bank through the VOSTRO Account. Foreign telegraphic transfer (FTT) Outward remittance embraces sales of foreign currency through yield foreign T. T. Drafts, Travelers watch etc. as well as sell of foreign exchange underL/C and against import standards retired. 3. 1. 5. Special fee earning products NCC Bank considers the special earning product to the different consumer, as it to play a comprehensive role in financing the bank pr oduct. Among those hobby are some issues relate to special fee earning product Bank engagement Foreign bank Guarantee (F. B/G) Underwriting brokerage house House and locker operate Issuances of Sanchaya Patra, payoff Earners Development Bond, National Investment Bond, care for Bond are some special earning fee product of NCC bank. 3. 1. 6. Social Service ProductsNCC Bank Considers several service products by looking at the social point of view, At this competitive edge, banking might have reached to preserve its market share and to distribute new market share through diversification of its product range. Following are the services that are de sign to provide for society Sale of Lottery Tickets for collection of fund for social establishment gathering of Zakat Fund charm of Haj Deposit 3. 2 CREDIT POLICY & CREDIT OPERATION OF NCCBL Credit policy is a guideline of a financial validation to determine- Who shall get credit (eligibility to get loan) How much to lend (Amount of lending) Why to lend (Purpose of lending) Where to finance (Portfolio Management depending upon profitability and requirement for participation on socio economic benefits) Credit division of a bank especially acts as a key financial machine to haunt for earning revenue of a bank to achie3ve its ultimate goal for profut maximization with negligible risk maintaining balanced portfolio management. 3. 3 WHERE TO pay (FINANCING ACTIVITIES OF NCC BANK) Financial activities of a bank depend upon its portfolio management of its funds through deposit.Our lending policy would be within the broad policy frame work envisaged above. Banks lending activities may be classified into the pastime broad segments. 1. Trade and Commerce 2. Industries 3. Lease financial backing 4. Consumer Financing 5. Real Estate & Civil facial expression 6. Agro based 7. Small Business Loans 8. Personal Loans 3. 4 Security Policies The term loans, if any extended by the bank shall gave to be secured by first mi en owe on the fixed asset reporting leaving a margin of at leas 25% depending upon the viability of the project.Consideration in this regard will vest purely on viability criteria irrespective(prenominal) of bank client-relationship. The determinants in this respect are debt service coverage, debt-equity ratio, and fixed coverage to term loan with a margin of 25-30% minimum. The working capital may be to boot covered by foremost upkeep owe of the fixed asset or by sharing first mortgage ranking PARIPASU with the financial institutions providing term loan. purpose is this regard shall be at the sole discretion of the bank. usual BANKING OF NCC BANK LTD. 4. 0 FUNCTIONS OF NCC BANK LIMITED 4. 1 GENERAL BANKINGGeneral banking department is the heart of all banking activities. This is the busiest and important department of a branch, because funds are mobilized, cash minutes are made clarification, remittance and accounting activities are through here. Since bank is confined to provide the services everyday, general banking is also known as retail banking. In NCC BANK LTD wiz Branch, the following departments are under general banking section A)Account circulateing section B)Deposit Section C)Cash Section B)Remittance section C) clarification section D)Accounts section 4. 1. 1 A) ACCOUNT OPENING SECTIONAccount exculpateding is the gateway for clients to enter into business with bank. It is the keister of banker customer relationship. This is one of the most important sections of a branch, because by opening accounts bank mobilizes funds for investment. Various rules and regulations are maintained and unlike documents are taken while opening an account. A customer can open different types of accounts through this department. such as 1. Current Deposit. 2. savings account. 3. Short notice deposit (SND) Types of Accounts with Terms and Conditions Current Deposit Current account is purely a demand deposit account. on that point is no travail on withdra wing money from the account. It is basically justified when funds are to be collected and money is to be paid at frequent interval. Some important points have been discussed in the project part. Savings Bank Account This deposit is in the main for small-scale savers. Hence, there is a restriction on withdrawals in a month. toilsome withdrawals are permitted only against front notice. Some meaningant Points have been discussed in project part. SND (Short Notice Deposit) Account ordinarily various big companies, organizations, giving medication Departments keep money in STD account.Frequent withdrawal is discouraged and requires prior notice. The deposit should be kept for at least seven days to get interest. The interest offered for STD is less than that of savings deposit. avocation is calculated based on passing(a) minimum product and paid two times in a year. relate rate is 6. 00%. Table-01 Account enterprise subprogram tonicity 1The account should be powerful intro duced by Any one of the following ? An existing Current Account holder of the Bank. ?Officials of the Bank not below the rank of an Assistant officer. ?A respectable person of the locality well known to the Manager/Sub-Manager of he Branch touch. tonus 2Receiving alter up act in banks prescribed form mentioning what type of account is desired to be opened touchstone 3? The form is change up by the applicant himself / herself ? deuce copies of passport size photographs from individual are taken, in part of firms photographs of all partners are taken ? Applicants must submit unavoidable documents ?Application must sign exemplar signature aeroplane and give code ? Introducers signature and accounts number sustain by legal officer tone of voice 4Authorized Officer accepts the applicationStep 5Minimum balance is deposited only cash is accepted Step 6Account is opened and a Cheques book and pay-in-slip book is given Documents call for for opening account ? Individual / pr onounce Account 1. establishment of the account. 2. Two photographs of the signatories punctually attested by the introducer. 3. Identity ( likeness of passport). 4. union Declaration fake (For joint a/c only). 5. Employees security department (in fortune of service holder). ? union account 1. conception of the account. 2. Two photographs of the signatories punctually attested by the introducer. 3.Partnership letter punctually signed by all partners (Sign should be similar as stated in Partnership Deed). 4. Partnership Deed duly show by Notary public. 5. enrolment (If any). 6. Updated Trade license. ? proprietary account 1. doorway of the account. 2. Two photographs of the signatories duly attested by the introducer. 3. legal facsimile of Trade pass. 4. Rubber stamp. 5. TIN number corroboration. 6. Identity (Copy of passport). 7. Permission letter from DC/ Magistrate (in case of newspaper) ? Limited company 1. Introduction of the account. 2.Two photographs of the si gnatories duly attested by the Introducer. 3. logical facsimile of Trade License. 4. Board upshot of opening A/C duly certified by the death chair/Managing Director. 5. authentication of Incorporation. 6. present of Commencement (In case of Public limited company). 7. Certified (joint stock) true imitate of the memorandum and Article of Association of the play along duly attested by Chairman or Managing Director. 8. List of directors along with assigning & specimen signature. 9. Latest certified copy of Form xii (to be certified by register of joint stock companies) (In case of Directorship change). 0. Rubber Stamp (Seal with sur evoke of each person) 11. enfranchisement of registration (In case of Insurance Company Obtained from department of Insurance from the Peoples Republic of BD). ? Club / societies account 1. Introduction of the account. 2. Two photographs of the Signatories duly attested by the introducer. 3. Board Resolution for curtain raising A/C duly certif ied by President/ Secretary. 4. List of Existing Managing Committee. 5. Registration (if any). 6. Rubber Stamp. 7. Permission letter from chest of drawers of N. G. O. (In case of N. G. O. A/C). Closing of an accountThe closing of an account may happen, ?If the customer is desirous to close the account, ?If the NCC BANK begins that the account is inoperative for a long duration. ?If the court of NCC BANK issues attach order. A customer may close his/her account any time by submitting an application to the branch. The customer should be asked to draw the final check for the amount standing to the credit of his/her account less the amount of closing an other incidental charge and surrender the unused check leaves. The account should be accounted for the account closing charge etc. nd the authorized officer of the bank should destroy unused check. In case of joint account the application for closing the account should be signed by the joint account holder. The fee for closing of an account is Tk. 50. 4. 1. 2 B) topical anaesthetic REMITTANCE Carrying cash money is troublesome and risky. Thats why money can be transferred from one place to another through banking channel. This is called remittance. Remittances of funds are one of the most important aspects of the Commercial Banks in rendering services to its customers. Types of remittance ? surrounded by banks and non banks customer Between banks in the same estate ?Between banks in the different centers. ?Between banks and central bank in the same country ?Between central bank of different customers. The main instruments used by the NCC BANK of remittance of funds are ?Payment order (PO) ?Demand Draft (DD) ?Telegraphic Transfer (TT) So the basic three types of local remittances are discussed below Table- 02 PointsPay OrderDemand DraftTT ExplanationPay Order gives the payee the right to rubric payment from the topic bankDemand Draft is an order of issuing bank on another branch of the same bank to pay speci fied sum of money to payee on demand.Issuing branch indicates another branch to pay specified money to the specific payee on demand by Telegraph / call back Payment fromPayment from issuing branch onlyPayment from request branch Payment from ordered branch broadly used to Remit fund Within the unclutterhouse area of issuing branch. exterior the unclutterhouse area of issuing branch. Payee can also be the purchaser. Anywhere in the country Payment Process of the paying bankPayment is made through clearing 1. Confirm that the DD is not forged one. 2. Confirm with sent advice 3. Check the Test Code 4. get under ones skin payment1.Confirm issuing branch 2. Confirm Payee A/C 3. Confirm amount 4. Make payment 5. Receive advice Charge Only commissionCommission + telecommunicate chargeCommission + Telephone Term Deposit reception The Local Remittance section of NCC BANK Motijheel Branch also issues TDR. They are also known as time deposit or time liabilities. These are deposits, wh ich are made with the bank for a fixed period, specified in advance. The bank need not maintain cash militia against these deposits and therefore, the bank offers higher of interest on such deposits. Term Deposits These rates are not negotiable.In this table we can find out the percentage that is given by the bank for specific period of time to the customer. 4. 1. 3 CLEARING SECTION The amount of Cheques, Pay Order (P. O), and Demand Draft (D. D) accumulation from other banks on behalf of its customer is a basic function of a clarification Department. Clearing Clearing is a system by which a bank can collect customers fund from one bank to another through clearing house. Clearing House Clearing House is a place where the representatives of different banks get together to possess and deliver Cheques with another banks. Normally, Bangladesh Bank performs the Clearing House in Dhaka, Chittagong, Rajshahi, Khulna & Bogra. Where there is no branch of Bangladesh Bank, Sonali bank arra nges this function. Member of Clearing House NCC BANK limited is a scheduled Bank. agree to the Article 37(2) of Bangladesh Bank Order, 1972, the banks which are the member of the clearinghouse are called as Scheduled Banks. The scheduled banks clear the curb drawn upon one another through the clearinghouse. Types of ClearingA)Outward Clearing When the Branches of a Bank get down check marks from its customers drawn on the other Banks within the local clearing zone for collection through Clearing House, it is Outward Clearing. B)Inward Clearing When the Banks receive deterrent drawn on them from other Banks in the Clearing House, it is Inward Clearing. Who will deposit deterrent for Clearing Only the regular customers i. e. who have Savings, Current, STD & Loan Account in the bank can deposit tab for collection of fund through clearing house. Responsibility of the colligateed officer for the Clearing Cheque and being work with department, following are the issues )Crossing o f the cheque. 2)(Computer) posting of the cheque. 3)Clearing cachet & proper endorsement of the cheque. 4)Separation of cheque from deposit slip. 5)Sorting of cheque 1st bank wise and then on branch wise. 6)Computer print 1st branch wise & then bank wise. 7)Preparation of 1st Clearing House calculating machine validation sheet. 8)Examine data processor validation sheet with the deposit slip to justify the computer posting 9) Copy of computer posting in the floppy disk. Bills Collection In modern banking the mechanism has become knotty as far as glint transaction and safety is concerned.Customer does pay and receive bill from their counterpart as a result of transaction. Commercial banks duty is to collect bills on behalf of their customer. Types of Bills for Collection i. Outward Bills for Collection (OBC). ii. Inward Bills for Collection (IBC). What is OBC? OBC means Outward Bills for Collection . OBC exists with different branches of different banks outside the local clearin ghouse. Normally two types of OBC 1)OBC with different branches of other banks 2)OBC with different branches of the same bank Procedure of OBC 1)Entry in the OBC register. 2)Put OBC number in the cheque. ) Crossing seal on the left corner of the cheque & payees account will be assign on identification seal on the back of the cheque with signature of the concerned officer. 4)Dispatch the OBC cheque with forwarding. 5)Reserve the photocopy of the cheque, carbon copy of the forwarding and deposit slip of the cheque in the OBC file. Inward bills for collection (IBC) When the banks collect bills as an agent of the collecting branch, the system is known as IBC. In this case the bank will work as an agent of the collection bank. The branch receives a forwarding letter and the bill. Procedure of IBC 1.IBC against OBC To receive the OBC cheque first we have to give entry in the IBC Register . The IBC number should put on the forwarding of the OBC with date. 2. Deposit of OBC amount OBC che que amount is put into the sundry deposit-sundry Creditors account, get to debit entry & credit voucher of it. If the OBC cheque is reward, propel credit advice (IBCA) with signature & advice number of the concern branch for the OBC amount. 3. If the OBC cheque is dishonored, the concerned branch is informed about it. 4. Again place in the clearing house or send the OBC cheque with Return Memo to the issuing branch according to their information. . 1. 4 D) ACCOUNTS SECTION Accounts Department is called as the nerve Centre of the bank. In banking business, proceedings are through with(p) every day and these transactions are to be recorded mightily and systematically as the banks deal with the depositors money. . out-of-the-way recording of transactions will lead to the mismatch in the debit side and in the credit side. To avoid these mishaps, the bank provides a separate department whose function is to check the mistakes in passing vouchers or wrong entries or fraud or forger y.This department is called as Accounts Department. If any discrimination arises regarding any transaction this department report to the concerned department. Besides these, the branch has to prepare some internal statements as well as some statutory statements, which are to be submitted to the Central Bank and the head Office. This department prepares all these statements. Workings of this department Packing of the correct vouchers according to the debit voucher and the credit voucher record the transactions in the cashbook. Recording the transactions in general and subsidiary book Preparing the daily position of the branch comprising of deposit and cash Preparing the daily Statement of personal business showing all the assets and liability of the branch as per General Ledger and ancillary Ledger separately Making payment of all the expenses of the branch Recording inters branch fund transfer and providing accounting treatment in this regard. Preparing the monthly salary sta tements for the employees Preparing the every week position for the branch which is sent to the Head Office to maintain Cash Reserve Requirement (C.R. R) Preparing the monthly position for the branch which is sent to the Head Office to maintain Statutory Liquidity Requirement (S. L. R) Make charges for different types of duties Preparing the budget for the branch by fixing the target regarding profit and deposit so as to take unavoidable steps to generate and mobilize deposit. Checking of deed List Recording of the vouchers in the verifier Register 4. 2 E. FOREIGN supercede Foreign exchange is the means and methods by which rights to wealth in a countrys currency are converted into rights to wealth in another countrys currency.In banks when we talk of foreign exchange, we adjoin to the general mechanism by which a bank converts currency of one country into that of another. Foreign Exchange Department (FED) is the international department Bangladesh Bank issues license to sched uled banks to deal with foreign exchange. These banks are known as Authorized Dealers. If the branch is authorized dealer in foreign exchange market, it can remit foreign exchange from local country to foreign countries. So NCC BANK, Principal branch is an authorized dealer. There are three kinds of foreign exchange transactionA) conditional relation B) trade C)Remittance. 4. 2. 1 A) rascalORT To import, a person should be competent to be an importer. According to Import and trade contain Act, 1950, the Office of Chief control condition of Import and trade provides the registration (IRC) to the importer. In an international business environment, buyers and sellers are generally undiscovered to each other. So seller of goods incessantly seeks security for the payment of his exported goods. Bank gives export guarantee that it will pay for the goods on behalf of the buyer if the buyer does not pay. This guarantee is called Letter of Credit.Thus the contract between importer and exporter is given a legal shape by the banker by Letter of Credit. 4. 2. 1. 1Letter of Credit Definition A letter of credit is a letter issued by a bank (know as the opening or the issuing bank) at the instance of its customer (known as the destroyer) addressed to a person (donee) attempt that the bills drawn by the benefactive role will be duly honored by it (opening bank) provided certain conditions mentioned in the letter gave been complied with. Table- 03 ImporterWho applies for L/C Issuing BankIt is the bank which opens/issues a L/C on behalf of the importer. positive(p) Bank It is the bank, which adds its confirmation to the credit and it, is done at the request of issuing bank. Confirming bank may or may not be advising bank. Advising or Notifying Bank It is the bank through which the L/C is advised to the exporters. This bank is actually find out in exporters country. It may also assume the role of substantiative and / or negotiating bank depending upon the condition o f the credit. Negotiating Bank It is the bank, which negotiates the bill and pays the amount of the beneficiary. The advising bank and the negotiating bank may or may not be the same.Sometimes it can also be confirming bank. Accepting BankIt is the bank on which the bill will be drawn (as per condition of the credit). Usually it is the issuing bank. Reimbursing BankIt is the bank, which would reimburse the negotiating bank after get payment instruction manual from issuing bank. 4. 2. 1. 3 Steps for import L/C Operation 8 steps operation Step 1 Registration with CCI&E For engaging in international trade, every trader must be first registered with the Chief restraint of Import and Export. By paying specified registration fees to the CCI&E. he trader will get IRC/ERC (Import/Export Registration Certificate), to open L/C with bank, this IRC is must. Step 2 Determination term of credit The terms of the letter of credit are depending upon the contract between the importer and exp orter. The terms of the credit set up the amount of credit, name and address of the beneficiary and opener, tenor of the bill of exchange, period and mode of despatch and of destination, nature of credit, expiry date, name and number of sets of shipping documents etc. Step 3 Proposal for Opening of L/C To have an import LC limit an importer submits an application to department to NCC BANK.The proposal contains the following particulars Full particulars of the bank account Nature of business involve amount of limit Payment terms and conditions Goods to be imported Offered security Repayment schedule Step 4 Application by importer to the banker to open letter of credit For opening L/C, the importer is necessary to fill up a prescribed application form provided by the banker along with the following documents Table- 04 1. L/C Application form 7. Authority to debit account 2. Filled up LCA form 8. Filled up amendment request Form 3. Demand Promissory Note 9. IMP form 4. ro-forma i nvoice 10. Insurance cover note and money response. 5. Tax recognition number 11. Membership certificate 6. Import registration certificate 12. Rate magnetic declination undertaking Step 5 Opening of L/C by the bank for the opener Taking filled up application form from the importer. Collects credit report of exporter from exporters country through his foreign correspondence there. Opening bank then issues credit by air mail/TELEX/SWIFT followed by L/C advice as asked by the opener through his foreign correspondent or branch as the case may be, at the place of beneficiary.The advising bank advises the L/C to the beneficiary on his own form where it is addressed to him or besides hand over the original L/C to the beneficiary if it is so addressed. Step 6 Shipment of goods and lodgment of documents by exporter Then exporter ships the goods to the destination of the importer country. Sends the documents to the L/C opening bank through his negotiating bank. Generally the following d ocuments are sent to the Opening Banker with L/C Table- 05 1. Bill of Exchange 6. Packing List 2. Bill of committal 7. Advice Details of Shipment 3. Commercial flier 8. Pre-shipment Inspection Certificate . Certificate of Origin 9. Vessel Particular 5. A certificate stating that each packet contains the description of goods over the packet. 10. Shipment Certificate Step 7 Lodgment of Documents by the opening Bank from the negotiating bank After receiving the documents, the opening banker scrutinizes the documents. If any discrepancy found, it informs the importer. If importer accepts the fault, then opening bankers call importer retiring the document. At this time many thing can happen. These are indicated in the following variableness found but the importer accepts no problem occurs in lodgment. Discrepancy found and importer not agreed to accept In this case, importer protest and send back all the documents to the exporter and request his to make in the specified manner. Her e banker is not bound to pay because the documents send by exporter is not in accordance with the terms of L/C. Documents are OK but importer is unforced to retire the documents In this case bank is obligated to pay the price of exported goods. Since importer did not pay for bill of exchange, this payment by bank is one kind of credit to the importer and this credit in banking is known as PAD. Everything is O. K. but importer fails to clear goods from the port and request bank to clear In this case banks clear the goods and takes delivery of the same by paying customs duty and sales tax etc. So, this expenditure is debited to the importers account and in banking it is called LIM. Step 8 Retirement The importer receives the intimation and gives necessary instruction to the bank for retirement of the import bills or for the disposal of the shipping document to clear the imported goods from the customs authority.The importer may instruct the bank to retire the documents by debiting his account with the bank or may ask for LTR (Loan against effrontery Receipt). 4. 2. 1. 4 Accounting Procedure in case of L/C Opening When the officer thinks fit the application to open a L/C, bounteous the following entries- creates the following charges- Table- 06 ParticularsDebit/ CreditCharges in Taka Customers A/CDebit L/C Margin A/CCredit Commission A/C on L/CCredit50% VATCredit15% on commission SWIFT ChargeCredit3000/= DatamaxCredit1000/= StampCredit150/= PostageCredit300/= DHL/CourierCredit1500 4. 2. 1. Amendment of L/C After opening of L/C some times rewrite to the original terms and conditions become necessary. These amendments guide changes in a. Unit price b. computer address of validity o the L/C c. Documentary requirements etc. Such amendments can be affected only if all the concerned parties agree i. e. the beneficiary, the importer, the issuing bank and the advising bank. For any amendment the importer must request the issuing bank in writing duly supported by revised indent/ Proforma invoice. The issuing bank then advises the mandatory amendment to the advising bank.L/C amendment commission including postage is charged to the clients A/C. 4. 2. 1. 6 Loan against trust utility (LTR) Advance against a Trust Receipt obtained from the Customers are allowed to only first class tested parties when the documents covering an import shipment or other goods pledged to the Bank as security are given without payment. However, for such advances prior permission/sanction from Head Office must be obtained. The customer holds the goods or their sale-proceeds in trust for the Bank, till such time, the loan allowed against the Trust Receipts is fully paid off. The Trust Receipt is a document that creates the Bankers lien on the goods and practically amounts to hypothecation of the proceeds of sale in discharge of the lien. 4. 2. 1. 7Loan Against trade Merchandise (LIM) Advance (Loan) against the security of merchandise imported through the Bank m ay be allowed either on pledge or hypothecation of goods, retaining margin prescribed on their Landed Cost, depending on their categories and Credit hindrance imposed by the Bangladesh Bank. Bank shall also obtain a letter of undertaking and indemnity from the parties, in the beginning get the goods clear-cut through LIM Account. 4. 2. 1. Payment Procedure of Import Documents This is the most sensitive task of the Import Department. The officials have to be very much paying attention while making payment. This task constitutes the following Date of Payment Usually payment is made within seven days after the documents have been received. If the payment is become deferred, the negotiating bank may claim interest for making delay. Preparing Sale Memo A sale memo is made at B. C rate to the customer. As the T. T & O. D rate is paid to the ID, the variation between these two rates is exchange trading. Finally, an Inter Branch Exchange art Credit Advice is sent to ID. Requisition for the Foreign Currency For arranging necessary fund for payment, a requisition is sent to the International Department. Transmission of Message Message is communicable to the correspondent bank ensuring that payment is being made. 4. 3. 2 B) EXPORT 4. 3. 2. 1Understanding The goods and services exchange by Bangladesh to foreign households, businessmen and Government are called export. The export trade of the country is regulated by the Imports and Exports (control) Act, 1950. There are a number of formalness, which an exporter has to fulfill before and after shipment of goods.The exports from Bangladesh are subject to export trade control exercised by the Ministry Of Commerce through Chief Controller of Imports and Exports (CCI & E). No exporter is allowed to export any commodity permissible for export from Bangladesh unless he is registered with CCI & E and holds valid Export Registration Certificate (ERC). The ERC is required to be renewed every year. The ERC number is to be incorporated on EXP forms and other documents connected with exports. 4. 3. 2. 2 The formalities and procedure of Export L/C 1. Obtaining exports LC To get export LC form exporter issued by the importer. . Submission of export documents Exporter has to submit all necessary documents to the collecting bank after shipping of goods 3. Checking of export documents After getting the documents banker used to check the documents as per LC terms 4. negotiation of export documents If the bank accepts the document and pays the value draft to the exporter and forward the document to issuing bank that is called a negotiating bank. If the bank does buy the LC then the bank normally acts as collecting bank. 5. Realization of proceeds This is the period when the issuing bank has realized the payment. 6.Reporting to the Bangladesh bank As per instruction by Bangladesh bank the bank has to report to respective department of Bangladesh bank by mentioning in style(p) payment. 7. Issue to proceeds r ealization certificate (PRC) Bank has to issue proceed realization certificate of export LC to the supplier / exporter for getting cash assistance 4. 3. 2. 4Back-To-Back L/C It is simply issued to the clients against an import L/C. successive mechanism involves two separate L/C. One is master Export L/C and another is Back-to-Back L/C. On the strength of outstrip Export L/C bank issues bank to Back L/C.Back-to-Back L/C is commonly known as buying L/C. On the contrary, Master Export L/C is known as Selling L/C. 4. 3. 2. 5 Features of Back to Back L/C An Import L/C to procure goods /raw materials for further processing. It is opened based on Export L/C. It is a kind of Export Finance. Export L/C is at Sight but back to Back L/C is at Usance. No margin is required to open Back to back L/C Application is registered with CCI&E Applicant has bonded storage warehouse license. L/C value shall not exceed the admissible percentage of net FOB value of relative Master L/C. Usance period wil l be up to 180 days. The import L/C is opened for 75% of the value of Export L/C. Here L/C issued against the lien of export L/C. Arrangements are such that export L/C matures first then out of this export profit, import L/C is paid out. 3. 3. 2. 6 Documents Required for Opening a Back-to-back L/C In NCC BANK Principal Branch, following papers/ documents are required for opening a back-to-back L/C- 1. Master L/C 2. Valid Import Registration Certificate (IRC) and Export Registration Certificate (ERC) 3. L/C Application and LCAF duly filled in and signed 4. Proforma Invoice or format 5.Insurance Cover Note with money receipt 6. IMP Form duly signed In addition to the above documents, the followings are also required to export oriented garment industries while requesting for opening a back-to-back L/C 1. stuff Permission 2. Valid Bonded Warehouse License 3. Quota Allocation Letter issued by the Export Promotion Bureau (EPB) in favor of the applicant for quota items. Payment of bac k to back l/c In case back to back as 60-90-120-180 days of maturity period, deferred payment is made. Payment is given after realizing export proceeds from the L/C issuing bank. 4. 3. 2. Negotiation of Export Documents Negotiation stands for payment of value to the exporter against the documents stipulated in the LC. If documents are in order, NCC BANK purchases (negotiates) the same on the basis of banker- customer relationship. This is known as Foreign Documentary Bill Purchase (FDBP). If the bank is not satisfied with the documents submitted to NCC BANK gives the exporter reasonable time to remove the discrepancies or sends the documents to L/C opening bank for collection. This is known as Foreign Documentary Bill for Collection (FDBC) entered into the Foreign bill Purchased (F.B. P) register. The documents are sent to the L/C opening Presentation of export documents for negotiation/Purchase After shipment, exporter submits the following documents to NCC BANK for negotiation. B ill of exchange Bill of lading Invoice Insurance Policy/Certificate Certificate of Origin Inspection Certificate Consular Invoice Packing List